催化剂厂滤渣制备高吸水复合材料的研究

炼油催化剂厂在生产过程中每年要排除大量的滤渣,对滤渣成分进行了分析,其中SiO2含量为60%左右,Al2O3含量为10%左右,重金属含量不超过土壤环境质量标准值(GB15618-95)。以丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)和催化剂厂滤渣等为主要原料,采用水溶液聚合法制备出了滤渣/P(AA-AM)高吸水复合材料,考察了引发剂用量、交联剂用量、单体中和度及滤渣用量对复合材料吸液倍率的影响。结果表明,当中和度为80%,滤渣、引发剂和交联剂用量分别为丙烯酸单体质量的25%、1.0%和0.04%时所制得复合材料吸蒸馏水、自来水和0.9%NaCl达到了1093.2g/g、323.4g/g和74.39g/g。复合材料在25℃下干燥10d,还保持50%的吸水量,在70℃下干燥10h吸水凝胶还可以保持40%的吸水量,表明复合材料具有良好的保水性能。     

柴油甲醇组合燃烧发动机的甲醛排放特性

在一台加装独立的甲醇供给系统的自然吸气柴油机上,采用柴油甲醇组合燃烧模式(DMCC)进行台架试验.利用气相色谱仪分析技术,全面研究并总结了甲醛在不同的发动机工况如转速、负荷、排气温度(改变柴油氧化催化转化器DOC位置)和不同甲醇替代率的情况下的排放规律以及甲醛和未燃碳氢(HC)之间的相互关系.研究结果显示,DMCC模式下的甲醛排放主要受到负荷、甲醇替代率、排气温度3方面的共同影响.在中等负荷排温在240～380℃之间时,DOC促进甲醛的生成;在高负荷排温在400℃以上时,DOC减少甲醛排放.在同样工况下将DOC位置移近排气歧管对减少甲醛排放有显著的作用.在此情况下,当排气温度超过400℃,DOC后的甲醛排放体积分数降低到(10～15)×10-6左右,与燃用纯柴油的甲醛浓度相近.另外,未燃碳氢和甲醛的转化效率的规律有一定的关联.当排温高于320℃以后,尽管HC迅速下降到比原机还低的水平,但甲醛排放浓度却比较高.当排气温度超过380℃并将DOC位置移近排气歧管,此时,HC与甲醛的排放将同步减少直至接近零排放水平.     

选择性催化氧化脱除煤气中硫化氢的研究

该文采用浸渍法研制了活性成分含量为3%4、%、5%的V2O5/Al2O3催化剂,采用选择性催化氧化法对H2S的脱除进行了研究。试验结果表明：当温度范围为60℃～180℃时,温度越高H2S的去除效率越高;当温度高于220℃时,温度越高SO2的生成量越大;活性成分含量越高,催化效果越好,H2S的去除率最高可达95.45%;气体的停留时间越长催化效果更好,且温度越低此种效应更明显;相同温度时,氧硫比越高催化剂选择性越差;相同氧硫比时,温度越高催化剂的选择性越差。同时,催化剂的X射线衍射分析以及催化剂的焙烧试验结果表明：三种不同活性浓度的催化剂均可促使H2S催化氧化为单质S。     

负载型纳米金催化剂对室内空气中甲醛的去除

采用沉积-沉淀法(deposition precipitation,简称DP法)和共沉淀法(coprecipitation,简称 CP法)制备了负载型纳米金催化荆Au/Fe2O3,催化剂中金含量(质量分数)小于1%.并以甲醛完全氧化反应作为研究的目标反应.这个反应可以有效地去除室内空气中的有害成分甲醛.通过催化活性的测试和XRD、TEM、TPR等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,两种方法制备的催化剂有各自的优势和特点,其中DP法制备的催化剂金含量(质量分数)只有0.67%的情况下,经过条件优化,甲醛完全转化温度为80℃,是一个较好的结果;而CP法制备的样品有较好的抗热性,可能有利于催化剂的使用寿命.因此,本工作为该类催化剂实用化提供了有价值的信息和依据.     

利用NH3选择性催化还原（SCR）烟气脱硝技术研究进展

介绍了利用NH3选择性催化还原（sCR）烟气脱硝技术的机理、动力学模拟以及着重介绍了用于SCR过程中的各种催化剂的研究进展,最后分析了在SCR脱硝过程中的主要影响因素。并展望了今后脱硝过程中的方向,是进一步探讨各种催化剂的催化机理,从而研究更为合适的催化剂。     

Sustainable recovery of nickel from spent hydrogenation catalyst: economics, emissions and wastes assessment

Economic viability, carbon emission profile and waste management associated with nickel recovery from spent hydrogenation catalysts are studied from sustainability perspectives. The purpose is to determine and compare the economic, environmental and social implications of different nickel reclamation techniques towards clean, safe and sustainable recovery of nickel from spent catalysts. Sustainability evaluation models are formulated to understand and improve the cost, carbon footprint and resource efficiency of a closed-loop nickel recovery process. The economic viability of the process highly depends on market values of recovered nickel and the production batch size. At a selling price higher than $12.60/kg, an operation with a batch size as small as 50 kg/batch would be profitable. The current rising nickel market, at ∼$18-24/kg, favors recovery operations although it also casts a dual effect on production costs. About 73-82% of carbon emission of the process is from the use of energy in the recovery operation. Energy efficiency is therefore identified as the most critical factor to improve the carbon footprint. The closed-loop process also improves resource use efficiency and minimizes toxic waste generation.     

凹凸棒土复合催化剂的制备及对零价汞催化氧化性能的影响

以天然的凹凸棒土(ATP)为原料,通过溶胶凝胶法(Sol-gel)、水热法、离子液体熔盐法与不同金属化合物(Fe2O3,Ce O2,Fe VO4,Ce VO4)复合制备催化剂。结果表明,Sol-gel、离子液体熔盐法制得的催化剂对Hg0的催化氧化效果较好,尤以Ce化合物改性ATP催化效果更佳。     

Improving the Synthesis Gas Quality in Catalytic Gasification of Rice Straw by an Integrated Hot-Gas Cleaning System

This research investigates an enhanced removal rate of tar and trace pollutants (e.g. hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulfide, H₂S) in the gasification of rice straw, using an integrated in situ tar reduction and hot-gas cleaning technique. The gasification temperature was set at 900°C and equilibrium ratio (ER) was 0.30 in the gasifier. In the in situ tar reduction method, the catalyst, dolomite with an amended ratio of 0–15% was introduced to the gasifier. The integrated hot-gas cleaning system applied a multi-packed tower to remove the tar, sulfur and/or chlorine byproduct in syngas at 250°C. The packed materials composed of zeolite, calcined dolomite and activated carbon. The experimental results indicated that the tar concentration of syngas was approximately 20 g/kg. However, in catalytic gasification with 5% dolomite addition, the tar concentration reduced to 17 g/kg. The tar reduction efficiency was approximately 15% by an in situ dolomite addition. When applying the integrated hot-gas cleanup system, the tar was virtually eliminated. The total tar elimination rate was almost 100% and the cleaned syngas could be applied in other energy utilization equipment. On the other hand, the H₂S and HCl concentration were 101 ppmv and 991 ppmv, respectively. After the integrated syngas cleaning system, the H₂S and HCl were decreased to 7.9 ppmv and 410 ppmv with a removal efficiency of 92.1% and 58.6%, respectively. It can be concluded that combining the in situ method with the integrated syngas cleaning system can effectively reduce the amount of byproduct and enhance the syngas quality in the gasification of rice straw.     

低污染低成本COD快速测定方法的研究

文章探讨了一种无银快速测定废水COD的方法。该方法用CuSO4-MnSO4复合催化剂代替国标法中的Ag2SO4,采用H2SO4-H3PO4代替H2SO4,得到测定COD的最佳条件为:K2Cr2O7浓度为0.25 mol/L,催化剂CuSO4-MnSO4的配比为2:1,CuSO4和MnSO4总量为0.06 g,混酸比H2SO4:H3PO4为6:1,消解温度为160℃,消解时间为12 min。将实验得到的COD值与国标法COD测定结果相比较,准确度和精密度无显著性差异。此方法取样量少,消解速率快,操作简单省时,扩展了COD的测定范围,降低了污染,适用于大批量复杂水样的测定。