五氟氯乙烷的钯催化法加氢脱氯反应研究

催化加氢脱氯是有选择性地去除氟里昂(CFCs)分子中对臭氧层有破坏作用的氯原子,将其转化成可能的替代物氢氟烃(HFCs).以活性炭为载体的负载型钯催化剂对五氟氯乙烷的选择性加氢脱氯反应具有良好的催化活性,色谱分析表明,其生成产物五氟乙烷的选择性高达99%.活性炭载体经浓硝酸氧化处理后能明显提高负载型钯催化剂的催化活性和催化稳定性.这归因于载体表面生成了较多的表面含氧官能团,有利于提高载体表面Pd的分散度,影响了催化性能.进一步地动力学研究得出,五氟氯乙烷选择性加氢脱氯反应对H2和五氟氯乙烷的表观反应级数分别为1/4和1/2.      

剩余污泥催化剂的制备及其脱色性能

以焦化废水脱水污泥为载体、ZnCl2为活化剂和催化剂的活性组分,采用一步法制备污泥催化剂。实验结果表明,当ZnCl2浓度为4 mol/L、固液比1∶3、焙烧温度550℃、焙烧时间40 min时,制备的污泥催化剂对亚甲基蓝的脱色性能最佳。利用制备的催化剂对活性红X-3B、弱酸性艳红B、活性蓝X-BR溶液进行脱色处理,研究反应时间、染料浓度、溶液pH、催化剂投加量和H2O2用量对染料脱色性能的影响。最佳条件下,3种废水的脱色率分别达到90.7%、97.5%和94.4%。对脱色数据进行动力学模拟,结果表明,3种染料废水脱色反应分别符合二级动力学模型、一级动力学模型、二级动力学模型。     

TiO2光催化氧化脱除模拟烟气中的NOx

采用P25纳米TiO2为催化剂,对NOx浓度360 mg/m3的模拟烟气进行了光催化氧化实验研究,以期为此种方法在电厂烟气脱硝方面的应用提供依据.经SEM、XRD等表征手段,探讨了催化剂晶型尺寸对光催化的作用.实验考察了光催化反应过程规律以及负载量、光照度、NO初始浓度、O2含量、相对湿度和停留时间对光催化氧化效率的影响.结果表明,光催化反应是瞬态到稳态的过程,其催化效率与上述影响因子有密切关系.实验最优条件下NOx的脱除率为46％,但只需适当提高氧化效能,便能达到理想的效果.     

碳化硅协同分子筛负载型催化剂微波辅助催化氧化甲苯性能

实验采用浸渍法制备分子筛负载型催化剂,微波场中利用吸波材料碳化硅和催化剂催化氧化甲苯废气.考察了碳化硅与分子筛负载铜-钒催化剂混合比及混合方式等条件变化对甲苯降解的影响,并通过电镜扫描、比表面积测试和X射线衍射分析等手段对催化剂进行了表征.研究表明,在固定床反应器底部装填质量比20%的碳化硅时,反应器兼有蓄热性能和低温催化氧化的优点,可有效提高微波能的利用和甲苯的催化氧化效率;微波功率75 W和47 W作用下,分子筛负载铜-钒催化剂和负载铜-钒-铈催化剂对甲苯的完全燃烧温度分别为325℃和160℃.表征发现,稀土元素铈的掺杂提高了活性组分在催化剂表面的分散度,催化剂的微孔结构保证了其对甲苯的高吸附性能,而非晶相型铜、钒氧化物的存在则提高了催化剂的催化活性.     

PM2.5 concentration declining saves health expenditure in China

● Monthly hospitalization expenses are sensitive to increases in PM_2.5 exposure. ● The increased PM_2.5 causes patients with CHD and LRI to stay longer in the hospital. ● The impact of PM_2.5 on total expenses for stroke is greater in southern China. ● Males may be more sensitive to air pollution than females. Air pollution has been a severe issue in China. Exposure to PM_2.5 has adverse health effects and causes economic losses. This study investigated the economic impact of exposure to PM_2.5 pollution using monthly city-level data covering 88.5 million urban employees in 2016 and 2017. This study mainly focused on three expenditure indicators to measure the economic impact considering lower respiratory infections (LRIs), coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke. The results show that a 10 µg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 would cause total monthly expenses of LRIs, CHD, and stroke to increase by 0.226%, 0.237%, and 0.374%, respectively. We also found that LRI, CHD, and stroke hospital admissions increased significantly by 10%, 8.42%, and 5.64%, respectively. Furthermore, the total hospital stays of LRIs, CHDs, and strokes increased by 2.49%, 2. 51%, and 1.64%, respectively. Our findings also suggest heterogeneous impacts of PM_2.5 exposures by sex and across regions, but no statistical evidence shows significant differences between the older and younger adult subgroups. Our results provide several policy implications for reducing unequal public health expenditures in overpolluted countries.     

等离子体联合技术处理挥发性有机化合物废气的研究进展

挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）废气污染面广、气量大、浓度低,含VOCs废气的排放将会受到越来越严格的控制,需要不断研究开发新的VOCs废气处理技术。等离子体联合技术具有多功能作用的效果,对污染物的降解率、能量利用率及对污染物的选择性均高于单一的等离子体技术。综述了等离子体与吸附剂、催化剂、铁电性物质联合处理VOCs废气技术的研究进展,展望了该技术的发展方向。     

以污泥为载体的金属氧化物脱硝催化剂的研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料,用氯化锌、硝酸锰和硝酸铁化学浸渍、高温热解制备脱除NO的催化剂.用微型气固相催化反应装置考察了该催化剂在CO选择性催化还原NO中的应用效果及寿命.实验结果表明:在350～550℃时的催化活性较高,在450℃时NO的最大转化率可达97.1%;催化剂的活性良好,经660 min的活性测试,催化剂的活性只降低了约3%.对该催化剂进行了BET、X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析,结果表明,该催化剂具有丰富的晶体结构,而且表面及空隙间负载的活性粒子较多,这些特征也表明该催化剂具有良好的催化性能.     

Attenuation of a point blast shock wave in the dusty air

The behavior of the blast impulse initiated by a point blast in the dusty air is investigated theoretically. It is shown that the jumps of parameters at the shock front in the dusty air follow other regularities in comparison with the case of an ideal gas, beginning from the distance of three dynamic radii, so at ten dynamic radii the difference in overpressure exceeds 60%. When the air heterogeneity is taken into account, substantial gradual changes of wave profile come over and the total blast wave impulse can't be determined by the front overpressure only. The known far asymptotic law takes no place in the point blast flow at the volume dust densities ρ₂₀ > 3·10^?3 kg/m³. In contrast to the ideal gas, the shock front discontinuity vanishes in the dusty air at a finite distance from its origin and the blast wave eventually turns into a dispersive wave without discontinuity. The wave structure changing is studied in the process of the shock wave transformation into the dispersive wave.     

Analysis of the experimental results of the initiation of detonation in short tubes with kerosene–oxidizer mixtures

The paper describes the experimental investigation of detonation initiation in a mixture of kerosene–oxidant in a short test tube. Various mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen were used as an oxidant, from pure oxygen to the composition of air. The goal of the study was to determine the minimum diameter of the tube and the minimum level of energy needed for the direct initiation of detonation. As a result of the measurements the pressure courses were obtained for two kinds of cases: with and without (only shock waves) of fuel injection. The results of both kinds of measurements were compared, providing information about the initiation of detonation in a fuel–oxidizer mixture. Brief analyses of the results for different initiators and different oxidizers were performed and compared with the shock wave and Chapman–Jouget velocity.     

铜锰基整体式催化剂对烧结烟气CO净化特性

基于改性铜锰氧化物作为CO催化活性组分,分别制备了催化剂原粉、以泡沫金属、堇青石为载体的两种整体式催化剂,在实验室配气条件下对比了3种样品的CO催化效率及稳定性,优选了堇青石整体式催化剂,并在某钢厂实际烧结烟气条件下测试了其在不同催化剂负载量、空速、温度下的CO催化效率、稳定性以及衰减后样品催化特性;最后批量制备了2m³优选整体式催化剂并开展了6000m³/h烧结烟气CO净化中试实验.结果表明,烟气高浓水蒸气显著抑制CO催化反应,经240h催化后T₉₀最大提升38℃;催化剂负载量越高,T₉₀越低,催化效率衰减时间越短,稳定后的效率越高,但随着空速增加,该优势减小;1440h(2个月)中试实验中,进气温度185~195℃下,CO催化效率大于85%(平均90%),出口CO浓度低于1000×10^-6,出口平均烟温达220℃,具有节能减排双重效益.