高通量中子发生器排放气体中氚的去除研究 Ⅰ.催化剂活性测定

中子发生器运行过程中,由于在氚钛靶片上发生氘氚置换及靶片升温等原因,氚钛靶上的一部分氚将脱离靶而随离子源的氚气及真空系统洩漏的空气等一起被排放出来,对工作环境造成危害。     

活性炭-H2O2催化氧化降解对氨基苯酚(PAP)废水

以活性炭作催化剂、Ｈ_２Ｏ_２作氧化剂催化氧化降解对氨基苯酚（ＰＡＰ；结果表明，在Ｈ_２Ｏ_２／CＯＤ_０＝１．０，活性炭／Ｈ_２Ｏ_２＝０．５，ｐＨ＝２的条件下，降解反应可在１８０ｍｉｎ内结束，ＰＡＰ的去除率高于９９％，ＣＯＤ去除率达７４．０％，与Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂法相比较，ＣＯＤ去除率提高１．７５倍．并对降解机理作了初步的探讨．     

Rapid determination of wastewater COD using Mn(H2PO4)2 as catalyst

ＲａｐｉｄｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒＣＯＤｕｓｉｎｇＭｎ（Ｈ_２ＰＯ_４）_２ａｓｃａｔａｌｙｓｔ￥ＳｕｎＪｉａｎｈｕｉ；ＸｉａＳｉｑｉｎｇ；ＳｕｎＲｕｉｘｉａ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，Ｈ?..     

δ-MnO2 decorated layered double oxides in-situ grown on nickel foam towards electrothermal catalysis of n-heptane

Energy-saving and efficient monolithic catalysts are hotspots of catalytic purification of industrial gaseous pollutants. Here, we have developed an electrothermal catalytic mode, in which the ignition temperature required for the reaction is provided by Joule heat generated when the current flows through the catalyst. In this paper, Mn/NiAl/NF, Mn/NiFe/NF and Mn/NF metal-based monolithic catalysts were prepared using nickel foam (NF) as the carrier for thermal and electrothermal catalysis of n-heptane. The results indicated that Mn-based monolithic catalysts exhibit high activity in thermal and electrothermal catalysis. Mn/NiFe/NF achieve conversion of n-heptane more than 99% in electrothermal catalysis under a direct-current (DC) power of 6 W, and energy-saving is 54% compared with thermal catalysis. In addition, the results indicated that the introduction of NiAl (or NiFe) greatly enhanced the catalytic activity of Mn/NF, which attributed to the higher specific surface area, Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺, Ni³⁺/Ni²⁺, adsorbed oxygen species (O_ads)/lattice oxygen species (O_latt), redox performance of the catalyst. Electrothermal catalytic activity was significantly higher than thermal catalytic activity before complete conversion, which may be related to electronic effects. Besides, Mn/NiFe/NF has good cyclic and long-term stability in electrothermal catalysis. This paper provided a theoretical basis for applying electrothermal catalysis in the field of VOCs elimination.     

用改性三效催化剂净化汽车尾气的试验研究

在制备Cu-Mn-Ce-O三效催化剂的基础上，通过实验研究了制备各种催化剂的空燃比特性和温度特性，结果表明：掺杂非贵金属K、Fe和TiO2只能提高尾气中某些组分的转化率，缩小催化剂的操作窗口；贵金属Pd的加入提高了催化剂的三效活性，加宽了催化剂的操作窗口，而催化剂的起燃温度没有明显降低。     

核桃果皮基磁性固体酸催化剂的制备及其催化性能研究

采用自底向上策略,利用农业废弃物核桃青果皮制备了磁性碳质固体酸催化剂,并对其进行了BET、XRD、SEM、IR和TGA等表征分析.结果表明,合成的磁性固体酸催化剂结构蓬松,比表面积大,具有良好的热稳定性.催化剂MPCs-0.2-SO₃H在生物柴油的合成中具有良好的催化活性.当醇油比为30,催化剂加入量为油酸质量的7%,80℃反应8 h酯化率达到74.2%,比商用Amberlyst-15催化剂的酯化率高近20%,最高含水量可达油酸质量的4%,重复使用3次后仍具有较高的酯化率,不仅实现了废弃物的资源化,而且得到的催化剂磁性易分离,在生物柴油的合成中具有巨大的应用潜能.     

Low-temperature conversion of ammonia to nitrogen in water with ozone over composite metal oxide catalyst

As one of the most important water pollutants, ammonia nitrogen emissions have increased year by year, which has attracted people's attention. Catalytic ozonation technology, which involves production of ·OH radical with strong oxidation ability, is widely used in the treatment of organic-containing wastewater. In this work, MgO-Co_3O_4 composite metal oxide catalysts prepared with different fabrication conditions have been systematically evaluated and compared in the catalytic ozonation of ammonia(50 mg/L) in water. In terms of high catalytic activity in ammonia decomposition and high selectivity for gaseous nitrogen, the catalyst with MgO-Co_3O_4 molar ratio 8:2, calcined at 500°C for 3 hr, was the best one among the catalysts we tested, with an ammonia nitrogen removal rate of 85.2% and gaseous nitrogen selectivity of44.8%. In addition, the reaction mechanism of ozonation oxidative decomposition of ammonia nitrogen in water with the metal oxide catalysts was discussed. Moreover, the effect of coexisting anions on the degradation of ammonia was studied, finding that SO_2-4 and HCO-3 could inhibit the catalytic activity while CO_2-3 and Br-could promote it. The presence of coexisting cations had very little effect on the catalytic ozonation of ammonia nitrogen. After five successive reuses, the catalyst remained stable in the catalytic ozonation of ammonia.     

Using X-ray computed tomography and micro-Raman spectrometry to measure individual particle surface area, volume, and morphology towards investigating atmospheric heterogeneous reactions

Heterogeneous reactions on the aerosol particle surface in the atmosphere play important roles in air pollution, climate change, and global biogeochemical cycles. However, the reported uptake coefficients of heterogeneous reactions usually have large variations and may not be relevant to real atmospheric conditions. One of the major reasons for this is the use of bulk samples in laboratory experiments, while particles in the atmosphere are suspended individually. A number of technologies have been developed recently to study heterogeneous reactions on the surfaces of individual particles. Precise measurements on the reactive surface area, volume, and morphology of individual particles are necessary for calculating the uptake coefficient, quantifying reactants and products, and understanding the reaction mechanism better. In this study, for the first time we used synchrotron radiation X-ray computed tomography(XCT) and micro-Raman spectrometry to measure individual CaCO_3 particle morphology, with sizes ranging from 3.5–6.5 μm. Particle surface area and volume were calculated using a reconstruction method based on software threedimensional(3-D) rendering. The XCT was first validated with high-resolution fieldemission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) to acquire accurate CaCO_3 particle surface area and volume estimates. Our results showed an average difference of only 6.1% in surface area and 3.2% in volume measured either by micro-Raman spectrometry or X-ray tomography. X-ray tomography and FE-SEM can provide more morphological details of individual Ca CO3 particles than micro-Raman spectrometry. This study demonstrated that X-ray computed tomography and micro-Raman spectrometry can precisely measure the surface area, volume, and morphology of an individual particle.     

CWAO催化剂及其在废水处理中的应用

催化湿式氧化技术是在高温高压条件下处理高浓度、有毒有害且难生物降解污染物的一种高级氧化技术。本文在检索了国内外大量参考文献的基础上,概述了催化湿式氧化技术的最新进展、机理及动力学,总结了催化湿式氧化技术中催化剂的分类、组成、特点及其在废水处理中的应用,以期对有关研究者提供一定的借鉴作用。本文最后肯定并展望了催化湿式氧化技术是有广阔应用前景的水处理技术。     

中国部分城市铂族元素环境地球化学特征研究

自上世纪90年代起,汽车工业中大量引入铂族元素催化剂,将有害气体转变为二氧化碳和氮气,以降低这些温室气体的排放。但铂族元素催化剂释放的Pt,Pd和Rh等元素在城市道路尘土和路边土壤中聚积,其含量大大的超过正常背景值。本次研究在深圳,广州,北京和贵阳等城市的主要交通路段采集了尘土、土壤及新鲜土壤样品,采用改进的卡洛斯管法和蒸馏法对样品中的全部铂族元素进行了分析。结果表明,所有样品的铂族元素含量均高于背景值,尘土样品中铂族元素含量明显高于土壤样品,其中Pt,Pd,Rh含量明显高于其它铂族元素,并呈正相关,表明汽车尾气催化剂的主要组成为Pt,Pd,和Rh。所有样品Ru,Ir和Os的含量都明显高于背景值,具有高含量的Os、低的187 Os/188 Os比值特征,表明Ru,Ir和Os也来源于汽车尾气催化剂,并且可能以杂质的形式存在于汽车尾气催化剂中。