不同后处理装置对柴油车排放特性的影响——基于行驶里程的后处理装置对柴油公交车气态物排放特性的影响

三辆柴油公交车分别安装柴油机氧化催化器（DOC）,催化型颗粒捕集器（CDPF）与DOC+CDPF三种后处理装置,采用便携式排放测试系统PEMS进行测试,研究整车THC,CO与NO_x等气态物排放性能随行驶里程的变化规律.研究结果表明：对于加装了DOC的公交车,行驶里程达到8万km时DOC性能劣化,应进行保养,此前CO,THC与NO_x的平均转化效率分别为78%,43%和27%;CDPF有效工作时间短,需要定期进行高温保养,周期应为1万km左右,加装CDPF的公交车CO,THC与NO_x平均转化效率分别为74%,16%与15%;DOC+CDPF在行驶里程达12万km时才出现性能劣化现象,此前加装该后处理装置后的公交车CO,THC与NO_x平均转化效率分别为87%,76%与21%.DOC+CDPF的连续再生效果可有效延长后处理装置的工作寿命.     

Modeling quenching distance and flame propagation speed through an iron dust cloud with spatially random distribution of particles

In this research combustion of iron dust particles in a medium with spatially discrete sources distributed in a random way has been studied using a numerical approach. A new thermal model is generated to estimate flame propagation speed and quenching distance in a quiescent reaction medium. The flame propagation speed is studied as a function of iron dust concentration and particle diameter. The predicted propagation speeds as a function of these parameters are shown to agree well with experimental measurements. In addition, the minimum ignition energy has also been investigated as a function of equivalence ratio and particle diameter. The quenching distance has been studied as a function of particle diameter and validated by the experiment. Considering random distribution of particles, the obtained results provide more realistic and reasonable predictions of the combustion physics compared to the results of the uniform distribution of particles.     

A Pt-Bi bimetallic nanoparticle catalyst for direct electrooxidation of formic acid in fuel cells

Direct formic acid fuel cells are a promising portable power-generating device, and the development of efficient anodic catalysts is essential for such a fuel cell. In this work Pt-Bi nanoparticles supported on micro-fabricated gold wire array substrate were synthesized using an electrochemical deposition method for formic acid oxidation in fuel cells. The surface morphology and element components of the Pt-Bi/Au nanoparticles were characterized, and the catalytic activities of the three Pt-Bi/Au nanoparticle electrodes with different Pt/Bi ratios for formic acid oxidation were evaluated. It was found that Pt₄Bi₉₆/Au had a much higher catalytic activity than Pt₁₁Bi₈₉/Au and Pt₁₃Bi₈₇/Au, and Pt₄Bi₉₆/Au exhibited a current density of 2.7 mA·cm^-2, which was 27-times greater than that of Pt/Au. The electro-catalytic activity of the Pt-Bi/Au electrode for formic acid oxidation increased with the increasing Bi content, suggesting that it would be possible to achieve an efficient formic acid oxidation on the low Pt-loading. Therefore, the Pt-Bi/Au electrode offers a promising catalyst with a high activity for direct oxidation of formic acid in fuel cells.     

高级催化氧化法去除水中邻苯二甲酸酯的研究进展

普遍认为,邻苯二甲酸酯类物质（Phthalic Acid Esters,PAEs）是内分泌干扰物质（Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals,EDCs）,被广泛应用于增塑剂、化妆品中,具有致畸性,致癌性,致突变性以及拟/抗雌激素活性、拟/抗甲状腺激素活性等内分泌干扰特性。邻苯二甲酸酯类物质很容易扩散到环境中,在土壤、大气、水环境中均有检出,是环境中常见污染物,严重威胁人体健康和生态环境,已经引起国内外的广泛关注。在综述邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的物理化学性质、毒性影响、国内外天然水体、地下水和生活污水中的污染现状的基础上,讨论消除水环境中PAEs污染的强化混凝、吸附、膜处理、生物处理和高级氧化技术。高级氧化技术因其能够快速有效地去除饮用水和污水中不同种类的有机污染物而备受关注,且发展迅速。重点介绍了高级催化氧化法对水环境中PAEs的去除,包括催化湿式过氧化物氧化过程,催化臭氧氧化过程,光催化氧化过程,超声波、微波辅助催化氧化过程以及高级纳米催化氧化过程。其中,Fenton催化氧化技术在氧化过程中通过使用催化剂或协同紫外光等方式产生高度反应性羟基自由基,可无选择性地将PAEs完全降解为无毒无害的小分子物质,对PAEs的氧化去除效果最好。虽然在高级氧化过程中应用催化剂可大大提高氧化效率和降解程度,但催化氧化法耗能较大、催化剂消耗量大、受水体pH值的影响,且研究大多限于实验室阶段,未能大量投入工业应用,需要进一步发展创新。因此,开发新型高效催化剂、提高催化剂选择性、优化催化氧化反应条件、优化设计催化反应器、与其他技术耦合是水体中PAEs类环境激素污染控制技术的发展方向。     

新型复合金属氧化物催化剂用于汽车尾气NOx净化的实验研究

采用固定床反应装置,模拟汽车尾气,研究新型复合金属氧化催化剂ＷＣＸ－Ｉ（Ｒｅ－Ｎｉ－Ｃｏ－Ｃｕ－Ｏｘ／Ｆｅ２Ｏ３）对ＣＯ还原ＮＯ反应和ＣＨ４还原ＮＯ反应的催化活性,催化剂的抗ＳＯ２中毒性能,抗积炭性能．结果表明ＷＣＸ－Ｉ催化剂对ＮＯ／ＣＯ和ＮＯ／ＣＨ４反应均具有较好的高温活性．在本研究实验条件下,４００℃以上时ＣＯ对ＮＯ的稳定还原率在９３％以上,６００℃以上时ＣＨ４对ＮＯ的稳定还原率在９２％以上．在１０００ｍｌ／ｍ３ＳＯ２－Ｎ２的高硫气氛中强制中毒及在１．０％ＣＯ－１０％ＣＯ２－Ｎ２的缺氧气氛中强制积炭若干小时后的催化剂试样对ＮＯ／ＣＯ反应的催化活性几乎未见降低     

汽车排气催化净化用金属载体的生产工艺与设备

针对目前我国汽车排气净化催化剂用金属载体的生产现状和发展趋势进行了研究 ,简述了国内外汽车排气净化用金属载体的生产概况 ,对金属载体的工艺性能要求与陶瓷载体进行了比较 ;对金属载体的生产工艺与设备参数以及金属蜂窝载体的产品技术条件进行了分析和介绍。     

同一实验环境下炭黑燃烧催化剂活性测试及制备方法优选

催化燃烧是最有效的炭黑消除手段之一,催化剂是其中的核心,其活性的提高对催化效果优化及成本控制有重要影响.然而目前报道的大量炭黑燃烧催化剂活性测试是基于不同实验环境进行的,其结果之间缺乏比较意义.为了筛选活性优异的催化剂,并总结出催化剂活性与物理化学性质之间的关系,同时为催化过程中氧物种原位定量观测建立基础,根据易得、环...     

Determination of hydroxyl radicals in TiO2/Ti photoelectrocatalytic oxidation system using Fe(phen)3 2+ spectrophotometry

A new method of determining the cumulate concentration of hydroxyl radicals in the TiO2/Ti photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)oxidation system was established by o-phenanthroline-Fe(Ⅱ)(Fe(phen)32+) spectrophotometry and using anion exchange membrane. Fe concentration of hydroxyl radicals can be calculated through determining the change of the Fe(phen)33+ absorbency at 509 nm. In addition, the research results showed the production rate of hydroxyl radicals was affected obviously by pH of solution, the cumulate concentration of hydroxyl radicals was the largest at nearby the initial pH 6.3 (isoelectric point), and the change direction of pH after illumination tended to nearby isoelectric point.     

H2S燃料电池的研究进展

H2S燃料电池是一种环境友好、发电效率较高并且同时共生其他化学产品的装置,为合H2S气体的处理提供了新的思路。按照采用的固体电解质的导电粒子的不同阐释了H2S的电化学氧化基本原理,指出对H2S燃料电池的电化学氧化机理的研究将进一步扩大H2S资源化利用的范围,以实现H2S燃料电池电能与化学产品的同步生产。目前H2S燃料电池固体电解质薄膜和阳极电催化剂的研制及其一体化技术是H2S燃料电池的关键。     

常温常压下催化湿式过氧化氢氧化工艺的研究

采用浸渍焙烧法制备了几种负载型催化剂,以偶氮染料模拟废水为处理对象,考察了这几种催化剂在常温常压下催化湿式过氧化氢氧化工艺中的催化活性。研究结果表明,Fe／γ～Al2O3的催化活性和稳定性最好。处理质量浓度为500mg／L的甲基橙模拟废水,当Fe／γ-Al2O3和H2O2加入量分别为30g/L和330mg／L时,处理3h后,废水的脱色率为79．67％,COD去除率为80．92％,总有机碳去除率达72．88％。在上述相同工艺条件下,分别处理质量浓度为500mg／L的甲基橙、酸性橙和活性黑模拟废水,其中,甲基橙较易被降解,酸性橙次之,活性黑最难被降解。