针铁矿催化过氧化氢降解PCB28

以针铁矿（α-FeOOH）为催化剂,在针铁矿与H2O2组成的非均相Fenton体系内对PCB28的降解进行了研究,讨论了针铁矿、H2O2浓度和体系pH对PCB28降解率的影响,并初步揭示了PCB28的降解机理.结果表明,PCB28在非均相Fenton体系中能发生明显的降解作用.PCB28的降解率随H2O2和针铁矿初始浓...     

新型非均相电-Fenton技术深度处理焦化废水

分别采用高效氯气还原阴极PAQ/GF和形稳性阳极IrO2-RuO2-TiO2/Ti做为阴、阳极,填充非均相催化剂,研究一种阴、阳极同时催化氧化的电化学过程,并应用于焦化废水生化出水深度处理.采用在石墨毡上电聚合蒽醌制备PAQ/GF电极,并用循环伏安进行了表征.结果表明,蒽醌在电极表面具有很好的可逆性,并对电催化还原氧气...     

负载型金催化剂在汽车尾气中的应用

金催化剂能在常温下能够催化CO、NOx生成无害的物质越来越受到科学家的重视,现在倍受关注的负栽型金催化剂的研究已经开始向着汽车尾气消除的方面发展,文章主要综述了在汽车尾气催化剂的发展历史、制备方法以及应用前景。     

液相催化加氢法去除Cr（Ⅵ）

采用浸渍法合成出Pd/Al2O3催化剂,通过ICP、XRD、TEM和Zeta电位等表征手段对催化剂的组成和形貌进行了表征.在液相催化加氢还原Cr（Ⅵ）的反应中,分别研究了催化剂加入量、Cr（Ⅵ）初始浓度、pH值、Pd负载量等因素的影响.结果表明,该催化剂表面酸性影响催化还原效果,此反应属于吸附抑制型.     

Estimating an homogeneous series of a population abundance indicator despite changes in data collection procedure: A hierarchical Bayesian modelling approach

Abundance indicators are required both to assess and to manage wild populations. As new techniques are developed and teams in charge of gathering the data change, data collection procedures (DCPs) can evolve in space and time. How to estimate an homogeneous series of abundance indicator despite changes in DCP? To tackle this question a hierarchical Bayesian modelling (HBM) approach is proposed. It integrates multiple DCPs in order to derive a single abundance indicator that can be compared over space and time irrespective of the DCP used. Compared to single DCP models, it takes further advantage for abundance estimation of the joint treatment of a larger set of spatio-temporal units. After presenting the general formulation of our HBM approach, it is applied to the juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) population of the River Nivelle (France). Posterior model checking, using χ² discrepancy measure, do not reveal any inadequacy between the model and the data. Despite a change in the DCP used (successive removals to catch-per-unit of effort), a unique abundance indicator for the 425 spatio-temporal units (site × year) sampled over twenty-four years (1985-2008) is estimated. The HBM approach allows the assessment of precision of the abundance estimates and shows variation between DCPs: a reduction in precision is observed during the most recent years (2005-2008) when only the catch-per-unit of effort DCP was used. The merits and generality of our HBM approach are discussed. We contend it extends previous single DCP models or inter-calibration of two DCPs, and it could be applied to a wide range of specific situations (taxon and DCPs).     

Combining steam injection with hydraulic fracturing for the in situ remediation of the unsaturated zone of a fractured soil polluted by jet fuel

A steam injection pilot-scale experiment was performed on the unsaturated zone of a strongly heterogeneous fractured soil contaminated by jet fuel. Before the treatment, the soil was stimulated by creating sub-horizontal sand-filled hydraulic fractures at three depths. The steam was injected through one hydraulic fracture and gas/water/non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) was extracted from the remaining fractures by applying a vacuum to extraction wells. The injection strategy was designed to maximize the heat delivery over the entire cell (10 m × 10 m × 5 m). The soil temperature profile, the recovered NAPL, the extracted water, and the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the gas phase were monitored during the field test. GC-MS chemical analyses of pre- and post-treatment soil samples allowed for the quantitative assessment of the remediation efficiency. The growth of the heat front followed the configuration of hydraulic fractures. The average concentration of total hydrocarbons (g/kg of soil) was reduced by ～ 43% in the upper target zone (depth = 1.5-3.9 m) and by ～ 72% over the entire zone (depth = 1.5-5.5 m). The total NAPL mass removal based on gas and liquid stream measurements and the free-NAPL product were almost 30% and 2%, respectively, of those estimated from chemical analyses of pre- and post-treatment soil samples. The dominant mechanisms of soil remediation was the vaporization of jet fuel compounds at temperatures lower than their normal boiling points (steam distillation) enhanced by the ventilation of porous matrix due to the forced convective flow of air. In addition, the significant reduction of the NAPL mass in the less-heated deeper zone may be attributed to the counter-current imbibition of condensed water from natural fractures into the porous matrix and the gravity drainage associated with seasonal fluctuations of the water table.     

碱土金属钙沉积对Mn-Ce/TiO2低温SCR催化剂脱硝性能的影响

本研究采用浸渍法分别制备CaCl2、CaCO3和CaSO4这3种钙盐前驱体沉积的Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂,通过分析催化剂活性与催化剂理化特性之间的关系,考察碱土金属钙沉积对Mn-Ce/TiO2低温SCR催化剂脱硝性能的影响.结果表明,钙的加入会导致催化剂中毒,且不同钙前驱体掺杂对催化剂中毒效应不同.CaCO3的沉积对Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂脱硝效率的影响最小,而CaCl2沉积对催化剂活性抑制作用最为强烈.通过比表面积测试(BET)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线晶体衍射(XRD)、程序升温脱附(TPD)等方法对不同催化剂进行表征发现,催化剂的晶型变化、孔道结构破坏、表面活性元素及酸性点位的减少是催化剂中毒的主要原因.     

氧化甲苯的MnOx-CeO2催化剂表面活性物种研究

采用氧化还原共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Mn/Ce摩尔比的MnOx-CeO2复合氧化物,并考察其对甲苯的催化活性.结果表明,MnOx-CeO2复合氧化物的催化活性优于单一CeO2,MnOx(0.5)-CeO2的催化活性最高,T90=190℃.同时,借助BET、XRD、H2-TPR、Raman和XPS等技术对催化剂的结构及表面活性物种等进行了表征.结果显示,Mn进入CeO2的立方萤石结构后形成固溶体结构,使得MnOx-CeO2复合氧化物的比表面积增大,氧空位和晶格氧含量增多,表面氧流动性增强.最后,对MnOx(0.5)-CeO2进行XPS和不同激发波长的Raman测试.结果显示,Mn主要分布在催化剂表面,且主要以Mn4+形式存在,Ce主要分布在催化剂体相.研究表明,高度分散在催化剂表面的Mn4+在甲苯氧化中起主要作用,Ce4+并未直接参与反应,而是起到了电子传递的作用.     

Cu-Mn-Ce/分子筛催化剂吸附甲苯后的微波原位再生及床层温度分布探究

实验考察了Cu-Mn-Ce/分子筛催化剂吸附甲苯后的微波原位再生效果,分析了固定床温度场分布及催化剂多次再生后的吸附穿透曲线,并对Cu-Mn-Ce/分子筛催化剂进行了比表面积和表面形貌的表征测试.研究表明,微波功率117 W、空气流速0.5 m3·h-1和催化剂用量800 g下,吸附催化剂的微波再生效果良好,脱附甲苯在催化剂表面被氧化降解并使催化剂恢复吸附能力.再生时床层温度水平截面上由内向外缓慢降低,垂直方向从下而上逐渐升高,并在床层中上部达到最高的250~350℃.6次吸附穿透曲线和催化剂表征证实,微波原位再生时催化剂表面存在烧结与团聚现象,催化剂的比表面积和微孔体积有所减少,从而缩短了催化剂的穿透时间;微波再生2次后,催化剂结构趋于稳定,吸附穿透时间维持在70 min左右.研究发现,催化剂表面形貌和孔径的变化与床层温度场的分布呈正相关关系.     

我国电石法生产聚氯乙烯行业汞排放清单

提出了我国电石法聚氯乙烯(PVC)生产全生命周期汞排放清单的计算方法。采用低汞触媒有盐酸脱吸工艺、高汞触媒有盐酸脱吸工艺、高汞触媒无盐酸脱吸工艺的汞输入因子分别为0.045 g/kt、0.091 g/kt和0.122 g/kt,回收产品的汞输出分布因子分别为95.37%、81.97%和97.18%。估算得到:2010年我国电石法PVC生产汞输入量792.8~814.8 t;回收的产品汞705.9~724.4 t,通过大气无组织排放、管道残留以及其他未知途径汞排放79.6~82.8 t;废水汞排放1.3 t;固体废物汞排放3.6~3.7 t;废酸汞排放2.5~2.6 t。回收的产品汞是汞输出的主要途径。