巯基树脂的合成及对Hg2+的吸附特征

使用聚苯乙烯交联微球为前驱体,经一系列反应合成了一种苯环上含巯基的离子交换树脂(巯基树脂),研究了其对水中Hg2+的吸附特征. 巯基树脂的红外与元素分析结果表明,巯基官能团成功地嫁接到树脂表面,树脂中b(巯基)为2.89 mmol/g. pH对吸附的影响较大,当pH为1时,巯基树脂对Hg2+的吸附量很低,因此,可以用酸洗树脂使其再生. 当pH为2～7时,巯基树脂对Hg2+的吸附量相差不大. 巯基树脂对水中Hg2+的吸附等温线结果表明,温度的升高有利于吸附,吸附量高达14.500 mg/g,且符合Langmuir模型. Hg2+在巯基树脂上的吸附符合准二级动力学方程,对于初始ρ(Hg2+)为1 mg/L的溶液,吸附后最终ρ(Hg2+)可降到0.003 mg/L.      

Assessment of non-invasive techniques for monitoring mercury concentrations in species of Amazon turtles

This study determined the concentrations of mercury (Hg) in four tissues of six species of turtles from the Rio Negro in the Amazon Basin. For two species, blood and carapace tissues were correlated with concentrations in internal tissues to establish whether blood or carapace could serve as a non-lethal indicator of internal metal exposure or body burden. The four tissues’ Hg levels were also correlated to turtle size and gender. The liver in five species of turtles had the highest concentration, followed by carapace, muscle, and blood. The exception was Chelus fimbriatus, which had a higher metal concentration in the muscle than carapace. Regarding the correlation between total Hg concentrations in tissues of the two species, no significant correlation was noted for Podocnemis erythrocephala. However, for Podocnemis sextuberculata significant correlation was found between muscle?×?liver, muscle?×?blood, and liver?×?blood. For P. erythrocephala, there was a correlation between Hg concentration in carapace and turtle size. For P. sextuberculata, there was no marked correlation between Hg concentration and size, but concentration in muscle was significantly influenced by gender. The patterns of Hg accumulation in tissues of the five species followed those described for freshwater species and some species of sea turtles. The difference in C. fimbriatus may be a result of a different pattern of non-living keratin layers on the carapace tissue. The use of carapace to infer internal concentrations of Hg is common in freshwater and sea turtles, but in this study it was found that only blood might be a reliable indicator of Hg concentrations in liver and muscle tissues for P. sextuberculata. Thus blood may be used as a non-invasive method to study concentrations of Hg in liver and muscle of P. sextuberculata.     

水体Hg~(2+)对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺和血淋巴酶活性的影响

以中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)作为暴露生物,检测了水体Hg2+对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺、血淋巴谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性的影响。结果表明,肝胰腺中GPT和GOT活性随水体中Hg2+浓度(0.01～0.30mg·L-1)升高而降低;中华绒螯蟹血淋巴中GPT和GOT活性变化趋于分化,0～0.05mg·L-1暴露组,随Hg2+浓度升高血淋巴GPT活性迅速上升,0.10～0.30mg·L-1暴露组,随Hg2+浓度升高血淋巴GPT活性迅速下降;GOT活性随着水体Hg2+暴露浓度的升高则持续上升,表现出"剂量-效应"正相关;两种组织中AKP和ACP活性随暴露浓度的升高都表现出"低-高-低"的变化趋势,并且最高值均出现在0.05mg·L-1的Hg2+处理组。4种酶活性对水环境中Hg2+反应灵敏,可作为中华绒螯蟹毒理学评价指标以及重金属监测指标。     

pH和水溶性有机质对苏打盐碱土壤吸附解吸汞的影响

苏打盐碱土壤是一种具有特殊理化性质的土壤。采用1次平衡法,研究不同pH和水溶性有机质(DOM)含量对苏打盐碱土壤吸附解吸Hg的动力学特征。结果表明:随着平衡溶液pH的增加,苏打盐碱土对Hg的吸附量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中最大吸附量出现在pH为3.5~5.5;对Hg的解吸量呈现先降低后升高的趋势,最小解吸量出现在pH为4.5~6.0。DOM对不同浓度Hg的吸附、解吸特征影响不一,当平衡溶液Hg浓度低于10 mg/L,DOM的增加显著降低土壤对Hg的吸附量;而当平衡溶液Hg浓度升高,DOM的增加反而促进Hg的吸附。当平衡溶液ρ(DOM)<100 mg/L时,DOM的增加对土壤中Hg的解吸起促进作用。苏打盐碱地土壤具有强碱性、低有机质的特性,不利于Hg在土壤中的存留。     

烟气中汞现场监测氧化吸收条件优化研究

以高锰酸钾溶液作为烟气中汞元素的氧化吸收液,通过单因素试验研究了氧化吸收液浓度、反应时间、初始汞浓度、反应温度、pH值对KMnO₄对Hg⁰吸收效率的影响,阐明方法适应性,并将现行采样方法进一步优化。结果表明,15min后,氧化吸收基本平衡,KMnO₄浓度为5mmol/L,反应温度为60℃时KMnO₄氧化吸收最佳。强酸和强碱环境的吸收效率均高于中性条件,初始汞浓度变化对KMnO₄吸收效率的影响不大,抗冲击负荷的能力较强,最优实验条件下,氧化吸收效率提高显著,具有统计学意义。     

广州市蔬菜地土壤-蔬菜中重金属Hg的含量及变化趋势

测定了95份土壤样品、94份水样以及292份蔬菜样品中汞的含量,探讨了广州市蔬菜地土壤-蔬菜中重金属Hg污染状况.发现蔬菜中的Hg含量与土壤中的Hg含量较为密切.广州市土壤、蔬菜中Hg的含量水平均比过去大幅度降低.蔬菜中Hg含量与其它城市比较,污染情况较轻,处于其它城市的中低水平.     

Mercury in some chemical fertilizers and the effect of calcium superphosphate on mercury uptake by corn seedlings(Zea mays L.)

Mercury (Hg) contents in ten chemical fertilizers were determined, and the effect of calcium superphosphate (CSP) on the uptake and translocation of Hg in corn seedlings was investigated by pot experiments. CSP was applied at the levels of 0, 66.7, and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg to Hg-treated (2 mg/kg) and untreated soils. CSP had the highest Hg content (5.1 mg/kg), followed by the NPK compound fertilizer 15-5-5 (15% N, 5% P2O5, 5% K2O) (1.2 mg/kg), then by nitrogen fertilizers (except for ammonia sulfate) and potassium fertilizers. Application of CSP did not obviously iuence the biomass of corn roots, but it significantly increased the biomass of corn shoots in Hg-treated soil. Application of CSP at the levels of 66.7 and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg did not obviously iuence the uptake of Hg by corn seedlings on soils without Hg treatment, but it decreased the Hg uptake of corn seedlings significantly on Hg-treated soils. The transfer coefficient of Hg in corn seedlings improved slightly on soils without Hg treatment, but decreased slightly on Hg-treated soils with the application of CSP. These results implied that CSP could ameliorate Hg toxicity to corn seedlings by inhibiting the uptake and the translocation of Hg in plants on Hg-polluted soils.     

重金属（Hg，As，Pb）污染对蚕豆根尖细胞微核的诱变研究

采用蚕豆根尖细胞微核检测技术,分别探讨不同浓度的HgCl2、As2O3、Pb（NO3）2对蚕豆根尖细胞微核率的影响。以蒸馏水处理作为阴性对照实验。结果表明不同浓度的HgCl2可使蚕豆根尖细胞微核率明显上升,说明HgCl2对蚕豆根尖具有明显的毒性效应——诱发突变（微核）。不同浓度As2O3可使蚕豆根尖细胞微核率明显上升。说明三氧化二砷（As2O3）对蚕豆根尖具有明显的毒性效应——诱发突变（微核）。蚕豆根尖微核率在铅离子浓度0—25mg／L范围内,随着硝酸铅处理浓度的升高而升高,说明硝酸铅是一种较强的诱变剂。     

汞对水花生愈伤组织生理及超微结构的毒性效应

研究了Hg胁迫对水花生致密型愈伤组织叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性及细胞超微结构的影响.结果表明,随着Hg施加浓度的增加,总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、可溶性蛋白含量呈先升后降趋势,叶绿素a/叶绿素b逐渐下降;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性先升后降,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈逐渐下降趋势;同时,超氧阴离子(O2-·)产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量均呈逐渐上升趋势.电镜扫描结果发现,Hg胁迫破坏了细胞膜系统,特别是对线粒体、叶绿体、细胞核造成了较为严重的不可逆的损伤,所观察到的核膜破裂方式主要是超量分泌膜泡.Hg对水花生愈伤组织的致死浓度范围为20～40μmol·L-1.     

芜湖市区春季地表灰尘中汞和砷的空间及粒径分布规律

以芜湖市高新技术开发区、中心城区和经济技术开发区为研究区域,于2008年春季对其地表灰尘中汞和砷含量、空间分布特征及其在粒径中的分布规律进行了研究.结果表明:芜湖市区地表灰尘中汞、砷含量范围分别为0.011～1.477mg·kg-1、3.533～169.368mg·kg-1,平均值分别为0.230、15.371mg·kg-1,分别是土壤背景值的1.9和1.5倍,存在一定程度的污染;;灰尘中汞含量在经济技术开发区较高,而砷则在高新技术开发区出现高值区;;汞属于空间中相关,说明其变异主要受随机或人为因素的影响;;砷属于空间强相关,说明其变异主要受土壤母质、土地利用方式等因素影响;;研究区地表灰尘汞和砷含量大体上呈随粒径减小而增加的趋势;;不同粒径上汞和砷含量的富集比例随粒径减小呈增加的趋势,汞和砷在>200目粒径上的平均富集比例分别为63.5%和55.8%,说明汞更容易富集在细小颗粒上.