云南山区野生牛肝菌中重金属汞和镉来源分析及食用安全评估

分析重金属在"环境-牛肝菌-人体"系统中的迁移、富集规律,为牛肝菌重金属污染防治及食用安全评价提供依据。采用ICP-AES法测定云南野生牛肝菌及其生长土壤中Cd和Hg含量,分析牛肝菌对重金属的富集特征及牛肝菌的重金属含量与土壤的联系,推测云南野生牛肝菌中重金属Cd和Hg的来源;根据FAO/WHO规定的每周Cd或Hg的允许摄入量(provisional tolerable weekly intake,PTWI)评估牛肝菌的重金属暴露风险。结果显示,(1)不同种类、产地牛肝菌中Hg和Cd含量具有差异,菌盖中Hg、Cd的含量分别在0.92~16.00 mg·kg~(-1)dw,4.97~24.07 mg·kg~(-1)dw之间,菌柄的Hg、Cd含量分别介于0.46~8.2mg·kg~(-1)dw和2.11~22.08 mg·kg~(-1)dw之间。同一种牛肝菌菌盖中Hg或Cd的含量均高于菌柄(Q(C/S)1),表明牛肝菌菌盖对Hg和Cd的富集能力强于菌柄。(2)牛肝菌菌盖和菌柄对Hg的富集系数(bioaccumulation factor,BCF)分别在1.72~19.12和1.30~6.40之间,菌盖、菌柄的Hg含量均高于相应生长土壤的含量,其中采自楚雄永仁县的铜色牛肝菌菌盖的Hg含量是土壤的19.12倍,表明牛肝菌中的Hg不仅来自土壤,根据山地"Hg诱捕效应"及云南大气Hg升高的相关报道,可以推测云南野生牛肝菌中的Hg主要来源于大气沉降。(3)牛肝菌菌盖、菌柄对Cd的富集系数分别在0.16~1.82和0.07~1.67之间,多数牛肝菌的Cd含量低于土壤含量,表明牛肝菌中的Cd主要来自生长土壤。(4)假设成年人(60 kg)毎周食用300 g新鲜牛肝菌则多数牛肝菌菌盖、菌柄的Hg摄入量低于PTWI(Hg)标准,Hg的暴露风险较低(假设未通过其他途径摄入Hg);食用300 g黑粉孢牛肝菌菌盖或菌柄摄入的Cd达到0.722 mg和0.662 mg,超过PTWI(Cd)标准,食用有Cd暴露风险。     

贵州万山汞矿地区耐汞野生植物研究

在贵州万山地区废弃汞矿堆和矿山附近,受长期高剂量汞暴露的影响经过的自然选择,该地区出现了一些能耐受汞毒性的生态型植物。对汞耐受及汞富集植物的筛选对于汞污染土壤的植物修复具有一定的现实意义。通过对万山梅子溪地区汞污染土壤及汞耐受植物采样调查发现,该区域采样土壤中汞的含量均在50 mg·kg-1以上,达到重度汞污染水平。对该地区野生植物的采样分析发现,蔷薇科植物悬钩子不仅数量较多,单株植物生物量较大,表现出很强的耐汞毒性的能力,而且植株内可以很大程度地富集汞,在其植株中汞的含量可达20 mg·kg-1左右,属于汞富集植物,另外发现野蒿对汞也具有较强的富集能力,其植株中汞的含量可达10 mg·kg-1以上。该类型植物的发现将为植物的汞耐受以及汞富集机理研究提供新的素材,为汞污染土壤的植物修复技术提供新的植物类型,也为进一步开发汞污染土壤处理技术提供了一种可能。     

Humic substances. Part II†: Photophysical,photochemical and free radical characteristics

The effects of mercury (HgCl₂) on cell population, chlorophyll a concentration and rates of photosynthesis and excretion were investigated in the phytoplanktonic species Dunaliella minuta in laboratory cultures. Mercury, above 25ppb inhibited both cell population and chlorophyll a concentration approximately to the same extent, whereas the photosynthetic rate was inhibited to a significantly lesser degree. Although, the total photosynthetic rate of the tested organism was reduced, above a threshold concentration, the photosynthetic activity was not reduced under these conditions, but it was in fact significantly greater than that in the control culture. This may suggest that in D. minuta the inhibitory effect of mercury is primarily on cell division rather than cellular photosynthesis, which is enhanced by the fact mercury caused a significant increase of the mean cell volume. Mercury, also, decreased the growth rate and final cell yield. The excretory rate was markedly increased at concentrations ≥ 250 ppb of mercury, but at lower concentrations it tended to depend more on the physiological state of cells than on mercury concentration. In the different cultures, the photosynthetic activity showed variations which occurred without major changes in the chlorophyll a content per cell, which remained almost constant and independent of variations in cell size and growth conditions.     

Spectroscopy properties and optimization for the detection of mercury（Ⅱ） with series hydroxyl-porphyrins

结合紫外分光光度法研究系列羟基卟啉与汞离子的显色反应,并优化其检测条件.在pH=7.5的条件下,以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）作为溶剂,加入0.4 mL表面活性剂Tween-80,系列羟基卟啉与Hg2＋发生配位反应,发现其最大吸收峰与卟啉环上（meso）位苯基对位上的羟基数目相关.热力学研究表明,单羟基卟啉化合物对Hg2＋检测效果最好,形成1∶1配位化合物,检测限可达0.042μg.L-1,且在0—50 mg.L-1范围内符合比尔定律.     

同步辐射X射线荧光和吸收谱技术在环境汞污染研究中的应用进展

汞作为一种重要的全球性重金属污染物,被许多国际组织列为优先控制污染物。常规的汞分析手段,例如电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、原子荧光光谱(AFS)等,对汞的分析精度较高,方法比较成熟,但对样品前处理要求也较高。同步辐射技术由于其高、精、准的优势,且对样品前处理要求比较简单、可实现原位无损分析,因此被广泛应用于环境样品的分析中。随着研究的发展,同步辐射X射线荧光光谱(SRXRF)和同步辐射X射线吸收光谱(SRXAS)技术在环境汞污染分析领域得到了越来越多的应用。主要介绍了我国环境汞污染现状及污染特征,同步辐射技术对于汞分布蓄积、含量和化学形态分析方面的独特优势,重点回顾了本项目组和其他一些研究组近几年关于SRXRF和SRXAS技术在环境介质如土壤、植物体内汞的分布蓄积、相对含量和化学形态转化研究领域的应用进展,对进一步发展并提高同步辐射技术在环境及生物体汞污染水平、毒性机理和生态毒理评价方面的应用进行了展望。     

水体汞光还原研究进展

汞的光还原是影响水生系统汞迁移转化的重要过程.光还原产生的溶解性气态汞会通过水气界面向大气挥发.该过程可以减轻水体汞负荷,降低汞被甲基化的风险,对全球汞循环具有重要意义.水生系统中汞的光还原过程十分复杂,影响因素较多,是汞环境地球化学行为研究的重点和热点.目前科学家在这方面已做了大量研究,但许多结论与建议还存在争议,对其还原机制也还不清楚.本文总结了近年来水体汞光还原过程的研究进展;分析了水生系统中影响汞光还原过程的主要因素;评述了水汞光还原研究存在的问题;提出了水体汞光还原的研究焦点与方向.     

胶州湾水体重金属HgⅠ.分布和迁移

根据1979年5月,8月,11月胶州湾水域调查资料,并且与近几十年来的调查资料进行对比分析,探讨和研究胶州湾重金属Hg的平面分布、垂直分布、季节分布以及发展趋势.结果表明:胶州湾东北部海域春季污染较为严重,西南部的污染程度相对较轻;春季和夏季的表层含量大于底层含量,秋季时底层含量高于表层含量;而且春季Hg污染较为严重,秋季水质状况最好.从历史资料来看,1979年到1982年,Hg污染在加剧;1982年到1997年,从污染严重到缓和,在1997年就达到了一类水质的要求;1997年到1999年,水质更加清洁.     

臭氧应用于烟气净化的研究进展

烟气中所含的二氧化硫(SO2),氮氧化物(NOx),重金属汞(Hg)等污染物都能对人体健康及周围环境产生危害.本文综述了臭氧法应用于烟气净化的研究进展、工业应用及反应机理,探讨了臭氧同时脱硫脱硝脱汞的主要影响因素,介绍了臭氧发生技术的研究现状,并对臭氧应用于烟气净化进行了经济性分析,认为臭氧法脱除烟气中的多种污染物具有广泛的应用前景.     

Characteristics of plankton Hg bioaccumulations based on a global data set and the implications for aquatic systems with aggravating nutrient imbalance

• Hg bioaccumulation by phytoplankton varies among aquatic ecosystems. • Active Hg uptake may exist for the phytoplankton in aquatic ecosystems. • Impacts of nutrient imbalance on food chain Hg transfer should be addressed. The bioaccumulation of mercury (Hg) in aquatic ecosystem poses a potential health risk to human being and aquatic organism. Bioaccumulations by plankton represent a crucial process of Hg transfer from water to aquatic food chain. However, the current understanding of major factors affecting Hg accumulation by plankton is inadequate. In this study, a data set of 89 aquatic ecosystems worldwide, including inland water, nearshore water and open sea, was established. Key factors influencing plankton Hg bioaccumulation (i.e., plankton species, cell sizes and biomasses) were discussed. The results indicated that total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in plankton in inland waters were significantly higher than those in nearshore waters and open seas. Bioaccumulation factors for the logarithm of THg and MeHg of phytoplankton were 2.4–6.0 and 2.6–6.7 L/kg, respectively, in all aquatic ecosystems. They could be further biomagnified by a factor of 2.1–15.1 and 5.3–28.2 from phytoplankton to zooplankton. Higher MeHg concentrations were observed with the increases of cell size for both phyto- and zooplankton. A contrasting trend was observed between the plankton biomasses and BAF_MeHg, with a positive relationship for zooplankton and a negative relationship for phytoplankton. Plankton physiologic traits impose constraints on the rates of nutrients and contaminants obtaining process from water. Nowadays, many aquatic ecosystems are facing rapid shifts in nutrient compositions. We suggested that these potential influences on the growth and composition of plankton should be incorporated in future aquatic Hg modeling and ecological risk assessments.     

腐殖酸对矿物结合汞植物活性的影响

以植物水培试验就腐殖酸（富里酸、棕色胡敏酸和灰色胡敏酸）对矿物结合汞（CaCO₃－Hg,Fe₂O₃-Hg,MnO₂-Hg,膨润土-Hg,高岭土-Hg）的植物活性的影响进行了探讨,并以土壤作印证试验.结果表明,溶解态无机汞是最有效的植物可吸收形态．腐殖酸对土壤、矿物结合汞的植物活性的影响,与其对矿物汞的络合溶解能力以及所形成的络合汞向无机汞转化的能力有关;矿物结合汞在不同环境条件下存在的稳定性及释放汞的潜力则是制约腐殖酸效应的内在因素.反应时间决定着二者作用进展的程度.