Principal Biogeochemical Factors Affecting the Speciation And Transport of Mercury through the terrestrial environment

It is increasingly becoming known that mercury transport and speciation in the terrestrial environment play major roles in methyl-mercury bioaccumulation potential in surface water. This review discusses the principal biogeochemical reactions affecting the transport and speciation of mercury in the terrestrial watershed. The issues presented are mercury-ligand formation, mercury adsorption/desorption, and elemental mercury reduction and volatilization. In terrestrial environments, OH^–, Cl^– and S^– ions have the largest influence on ligand formation. Under oxidized surface soil conditions Hg(OH)₂, HgCl₂, HgOH⁺, HgS, and Hg⁰ are the predominant inorganic mercury forms. In reduced environments, common mercury forms are HgSH⁺, HgOHSH, and HgClSH. Many of these mercury forms are further bound to organic and inorganic ligands. Mercury adsorption to mineral and organic surfaces is mainly dictated by two factors: pH and dissolved ions. An increase in Cl^– concentration and a decrease in pH can, together or separately, decrease mercury adsorption. Clay and organic soils have the highest capability of adsorbing mercury. Important parameters that increase abiotic inorganic mercury reduction are availability of electron donors, low redox potential, and sunlight intensity. Primary factors that increase volatilization are soil permeability and temperature. A decrease in mercury adsorption and an increase in soil moisture will also increase volatilization. The effect of climate on biogeochemical reactions in the terrestrial watershed indicates mercury speciation and transport to receiving water will vary on a regional basis.     

渗滤液灌溉土壤N_2O释放及氨挥发的研究

选用2种供试土壤(S1和S2),通过培养试验研究了渗滤液投加土壤后N2O释放、氨挥发及矿物氮的转化,并讨论了土壤理化性质对上述过程的影响.土壤pH值较大程度地决定了氨的挥发,仅投加渗滤液的碱性土S1在培养期的前5 d内测到氨挥发,通过氨挥发共损失了约3.0‰的渗滤液氮.投加同等含量的渗滤液后,不同土壤可导致N2O释放量近20倍的差异(P<0.01).土壤含水率(WFPS)影响了土壤中硝酸盐氮的生成速率,从而制约了N2O释放通量的高低.与WFPS为46%时相比,投加蒸馏水的土壤S1、投加渗滤液的土壤S1和土壤S2在WFPS为70%的条件下N2O的释放通量均值分别提高了6.5(P>0.05)、1.8(P>0.05)和2.2倍(P<0.05).渗滤液投加土壤在10 d培养期内,土壤S1和S2因N2O释放分别损失了41.1‰和2.3‰的渗滤液氮.为此,控制灌溉土壤的含水率(<70%WFPS),并选用酸性土壤可有效地控制渗滤液灌溉下N20的释放和氨挥发.     

戊二醛交联酵母菌对Zn2+，Cd2+和Hg2+的吸附行为

用戊二醛作为交联剂,采用简单的方法制备机械强度高的交联酵母菌.考察菌体吸附Cd2 的影响因素,包括交联剂的用量,pH,金属离子初始质量浓度,吸附时间等,研究菌体对不同质量浓度的Zn2 ,Cd2 和Hg2 的吸附率.结果表明,戊二醛的最佳用量(体积分数)为1.0%,菌体对金属离子的吸附平衡时间为30 min,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程.吸附为Langmuir单分子层吸附,相对于未交联菌,交联酵母菌对Cd2 的吸附容量提高2倍;pH实验表明,交联酵母菌对金属离子的吸附受酸度影响小.用于冶金厂废水的处理结果显示,0.050 0 g的交联酵母菌,对5.3 mg/L的Cd2 污水的去除率为80.6%,用0.1 mol/L的EDTA再生该吸附剂,Cd2 的解析率达92.1%.     

An inhibitor of urease activity effectively reduces ammonia emissions from soil treated with urea under Mediterranean conditions

Urea is an important source of ammonia (NH₃) emissions to the atmosphere from agricultural soils. Abatement strategies are necessary in order to achieve NH₃ emission targets by reducing those emissions. In this context, a field experiment was carried out on a sunflower crop in spring 2006 with the aim of evaluating the effect of the N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) in the mitigation of volatilized NH₃ from a urea-fertilised soil. Ammonia emission was quantified, using the integrated horizontal flux (IHF) method, following application of urea with and without the urease inhibitor NBPT. Urea and a mixture of urea and NBPT (0.14%, w/w) were surface-applied at a rate of 170 kg N ha⁻¹ to circular plots (diameter 40 m). The soil was irrigated with 10 mm of water just after the application of urea to dissolve and incorporate it into the upper layer of soil. Over the duration of the measurement period (36 days) three peaks of NH₃ were observed. The first peak was associated with hydrolysis of urea after irrigation and the others with the increase of ammonia in soil solution after changes in atmospheric variables such as wind speed and rainfall. The total NH₃ emission during the whole experiment was 17.3 ± 0.5 kg NH₃–N ha⁻¹ in the case of urea treated soils and 10.0 ± 2.2 kg NH₃–N ha⁻¹ where NBPT was included with the urea (10.1 and 5.9%, respectively, of the applied urea–N). The lower NH₃ emissions from plots fertilised with urea + NBPT, compared with urea alone, were associated with a reduction in urease activity during the first 9 days after inhibitor application. This reduction in enzymatic activity promoted a decrease in the exchangeable NH₄⁺ pool.     

Ag-AgIO3改性BiOI光催化剂湿法脱除气态单质汞

采用沉积沉淀-光还原法制备了不同AgIO₃含量的BiOI光催化剂,利用X射线衍射、N₂吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱和电子自旋共振对其物理化学结构进行表征,在光催化反应器上研究了AgIO₃负载量、光照、溶液温度、pH值、SO₂和NO对气态单质汞（Hg⁰）去除性能的影响.结果表明,与BiOI相比,Ag-AgIO₃改性后光催化剂的脱汞性能大幅提高.当AgIO₃负载量为4wt.%时,光催化剂的脱汞效率高达98%.与NO相比,SO₂对脱汞性能的抑制作用更大.由于Ag和AgIO₃在BiOI表面的高度分散性,Ag-AgIO₃（4%） BiOI的可见光吸收性能明显提高.荧光灯辐照与Ag-AgIO₃/BiOI光催化剂协同会产生大量的活性物种.在Ag-AgIO₃/BiOI光催化剂的高效脱汞体系中,超氧阴离子自由基（·O₂^-）为最主要的活性物质,而空穴（h⁺）和羟基自由基（·OH）次之.     

基于土壤汞形态归趋的健康风险评估方法

土壤汞污染是一个全球性关注问题,矿产资源开采、化工生产和燃煤发电等均造成了不同程度的土壤汞污染,合理评估汞污染场地的健康风险是场地开发再利用的关键.对土壤中汞的形态归趋研究总结表明,由于汞的特殊物理化学性质,并受土壤等环境因素的影响,导致其在土壤中具有复杂的化学形态和变化过程.汞在土壤中的不同化学形态归趋对其毒性效应、生物有效性和暴露途径产生显著影响.基于土壤汞总量的风险评估方法忽略了土壤中不同化学形态汞对毒性、生物有效性和暴露途径的影响,导致高估土壤汞污染的健康风险.针对基于土壤汞总量的风险评估存在的问题,提出了基于土壤汞形态归趋的土壤汞污染健康风险评估理论,并构建基于土壤汞形态归趋-有效剂量-健康效应的土壤汞污染的精细化风险评估技术体系框架:①土壤不同形态汞的测定与表征方法;②汞形态归趋预测模型;③暴露分析与暴露量计算;④有效剂量（生物可给性或生物有效性）测定;⑤风险表征;⑥基于不同形态汞的场地土壤污染风险筛选值和修复目标制定.该方法体系从理论上解决了传统基于土壤汞总量的风险评估方法存在的问题,实际应用中面临的主要问题和今后重点发展方向:①研发可商业化的土壤汞化学物组分分析仪及土壤汞蒸气的原位测定方法;②结合中国场地土壤特点,开展土壤中汞的形态归趋模拟的模型研究,弥补现阶段土壤汞化合物形态分析方法的欠缺;③研发和建立土壤汞的生物可给性和有效性的标准测试方法技术;④本土化的土壤汞筛选值的确定.      

兽用抗生素磺胺二甲嘧啶对麦田NH3挥发的影响

为了研究磺胺类兽药抗生素对麦田NH₃挥发的影响,采用了田间原位观测试验,对比分析了不同浓度磺胺二甲嘧啶（SMZ）在不同氮肥类型条件下对麦田NH₃挥发的影响.试验共设9个处理,分别为：无氮肥无抗生素（CK）;复合肥为基肥,分别加施0,5,15,30mg/kg土的磺胺二甲嘧啶处理（CF、CF+SMZ5、CF+SMZ15、CF+SMZ30）;猪粪为基肥,分别加施0,5,15,30mg/kg土的磺胺二甲嘧啶处理（CM、CM+SMZ5、CM+SMZ15、CM+SMZ30）.所有施肥处理追肥均为尿素.结果表明：基肥阶段各处理之间的NH₃挥发速率无显著差异（P > 0.05）,追肥阶段各处理之间有极显著差异（P<0.01）,中高浓度SMZ表现为明显的促进作用（P<0.05）.整个观测期,CF、CF+SMZ5、CF+SMZ15、CF+SMZ30和CM、CM+SMZ5、CM+SMZ15、CM+SMZ30处理的NH₃-N损失百分比分别为5.5%、6.6%、13.9%、10.7%、11.0%、12.4%、11.9%、16.9%,其中CF+SMZ15、CF+SMZ30和CM+SMZ30处理显著增加了NH₃-N挥发累积量（P<0.05）,其导致的NH₃-N损失比分别是同种基肥零抗生素添加的2.5、2.0和1.5倍,表明磺胺二甲嘧啶与复合肥的混施对土壤NH₃挥发的促进效应要高于与猪粪的同步混施.兽药抗生素对土壤NH₃挥发的影响不容忽视.因此,需大力加强对兽药抗生素的管控,并进一步探明不同兽药抗生素对土壤NH₃挥发的影响机制,为减缓兽用抗生素的环境污染生态效应作支撑.     

Effect of Trichoderma viride biofertilizer on ammonia volatilization from an alkaline soil in Northern China

Ammonia(NH3) volatilization is one of the primary pathways of nitrogen(N) loss from soils after chemical fertilizer is applied, especially from the alkaline soils in Northern China, which results in lower efficiency for chemical fertilizers. Therefore, we conducted an incubation experiment using an alkaline soil from Tianjin(p H 8.37–8.43) to evaluate the suppression effect of Trichoderma viride(T. viride) biofertilizer on NH3 volatilization, and compared the differences in microbial community structure among all samples. The results showed that viable T. viride biofertilizer(T) decreased NH_3 volatilization by 42.21% compared with conventional fertilizer((CK), urea), while nonviable T. viride biofertilizer(TS) decreased NH_3 volatilization by 32.42%. NH_3 volatilization was significantly higher in CK and sweet potato starch wastewater(SPSW) treatments during the peak period. T. viride biofertilizer also improved the transfer of ammonium from soil to sweet sorghum. Plant dry weights increased 91.23% and 61.08% for T and TS, respectively, compared to CK. Moreover, T. viride biofertilizer enhanced nitrification by increasing the abundance of ammonium-oxidizing archaea(AOA) and ammonium-oxidizing bacteria(AOB). The results of high-throughput sequencing indicated that the microbial community structure and composition were significantly changed by the application of T. viride biofertilizer. This study demonstrated the immense potential of T. viride biofertilizer in reducing NH_3 volatilization from alkaline soil and simultaneously improving the utilization of fertilizer N by sweet sorghum.     

载溴石油焦脱除烟气痕量Hg0的动力学机理

采用化学-机械溴化法对废弃物石油焦进行改性,制得的载溴石油焦吸附剂用来脱除燃煤烟气中的痕量Hg⁰.通过比表面积及孔径分析（BET）、X射线衍射（XRD）和X-射线光电子能谱（XPS）对石油焦载溴前后进行表征和分析,发现石油焦中的有机硫促进了溴的负载,且负载方式为化学吸附.通过固定床脱汞试验,并应用4种动力学模型对初始汞浓度梯度和反应温度梯度下的实验数据进行拟合分析,结果表明：温度在150℃时,载溴石油焦的汞吸附效果最优;增加烟气中痕量Hg⁰浓度能提高载溴石油焦的汞吸附速率和单位累积汞吸附量;描述化学吸附的Elovich动力学模型的拟合相关系数达到0.9999以上,说明化学吸附在载溴石油焦脱汞过程中起主导作用.     

空气喷射处理饱和土壤和地下水中有机污染物

空气喷射 (airsparging)被认为是修复由可挥发性有机物污染的饱和土壤和地下水的一种有效新技术。介绍了空气喷射技术的现场应用与研究现状 ,讨论了空气喷射技术的原理和各种影响因素 ,说明了其对于饱和土壤中有氧生物降解的促进作用 ,分析了空气喷射技术的应用前景。