EDTA对波士顿蕨吸收Hg的影响及其光合响应

采用水培实验方法研究EDTA对波士顿蕨吸收和转移Hg的影响,以及波士顿蕨对Hg及Hg和EDTA胁迫下光合系统II(PSII)的响应.结果显示:波斯顿蕨的根部能富集Hg,加入EDTA可以提高Hg从其根部转移到地上部分.单独Hg处理略微抑制了叶绿素的合成,Hg或Hg与EDTA处理对叶绿素的合成没有明显的影响.Hg或Hg与EDTA对植物的光合作用产生一定程度的胁迫作用.Hg单独处理或Hg与EDTA一起处理都导致了植物光合效能指数下降,干扰光系统II中的能量转移,将部分反应中心被转化为能耗中心,在一定程度上抑制了光系统II中的电子传递.     

氮输入对纳帕海沼泽湿地土壤氨挥发和反硝化的影响

选取纳帕海常见湿地植物茭草（Zizania caduciflora）和水葱（Scirpus validus）]及其生长土壤为对象,通过培养实验,研究了3个不同氮输入水平[0g-m^2（对照,NO）、20g-m^2（N20）、40g-m^2。（N40）]对茭草和水葱湿地土壤氨挥发和反硝化的影响。结果表明：氮输入促进了茭草和水葱湿地土壤氨挥发化作用,增加了湿地土壤氨挥发的累积量。适量的氮输入对湿地土壤氨挥发促进显著。在培养前期适量氮输入下的氨挥发积累量高于高水平氮输入的,随着培养时间的延长,后期适量氮输入下的积累量明显下降;而高水半氮输入处理下氨挥发积累量的明显增加,适量氮输入下茭草氨挥发积累大于水葱。氮输入增强了菱草和水葱湿地土壤反硝化作用,加快了反硝化N2O的排放。适量的氮输入促进茭草反硝化作用和反硝化损失量增加明显,培养的前期的适量氮输入处理下的反硝化作用和反硝化N2O的排放增强不明显,随着培养时间的延长,高水平氮输入处理下的反硝化损失量越明显,并且水葱较茭草更为明显。后期适量氮输入下的反硝化损失速率和反硝化损失量高于高水平氮输入,适量氮输入较高水平氮输人促进明显,高水平的氮输入限制了反硝化损失,反硝化N2O的排放总量下降,土壤中氮富集增大。     

重金属捕集剂对水中微量Hg(Ⅱ)的处理研究

针对含汞废水采用常规处理难以达标的问题,选用二硫代氨基甲酸盐类(DTCR-2)、2,4,6-三硫醇基钠硫代三嗪(TMT-18B)、硫化钠(Na2S)和氢氧化钙[Ca(OH)2]作为重金属捕集剂,对水中微量Hg2+进行深度处理研究.通过处理效果的对比,最终选用DTCR-2作为Hg2+最理想的捕集剂,重点考察了pH值、DTCR-2投加量、反应时间、Hg2+初始浓度及其他重金属离子等因素对Hg2+去除效果的影响.结果表明,在Hg2+初始浓度为100μg.L-1,pH为8.0,投加量1.0倍化学计量比,反应时间10 min时处理效果较好,Hg2+剩余浓度为41.36μg.L-1,低于国家排放标准中的限值(50μg.L-1).另外,Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+这3种重金属离子对DTCR-2去除Hg2+具有抑制作用,影响大小依次为Cu2+>Pb2+>Cd2+,而Zn2+具有促进作用.通过本研究,可以为DTCR-2处理低浓度含汞废水工艺设计提供理论支持.     

控释氮肥减量配施对土壤氨挥发和N2 O排放的影响

施用控释氮肥是提高氮素利用效率、减少氮素损失的重要途径.为研究聚合物包膜氮肥与普通尿素配比减量施用对旱作棕壤氨挥发和N₂O排放的影响,利用15N同位素标记技术,通过5个不同氮肥施用量处理,分析施肥后土壤的氨挥发和N₂O排放规律以及玉米的当季氮肥利用率.结果表明:①土壤氨挥发主要出现在施肥后的前2周,普通尿素氨挥发速率最大可达4.04 kg/（hm2·d）,最大值出现在施肥后第7天,施用配比包膜氮肥氨挥发峰值出现时间比普通尿素延迟2 d,且氨挥发总量明显降低,为2.15 kg/（hm2·d）.②对于各处理下的氨挥发总量,无氮处理（CK）为3.69 kg/hm2,常规尿素处理（NU）为18.64 kg/hm2,配比控释氮肥处理（PU1）为9.39 kg/hm2,减量配比控释氮肥处理（PU2）为6.44 kg/hm2,再减量配比控释氮肥处理（PU3）为5.02 kg/hm2.③N₂O排放规律呈现先平稳后升高的趋势,较高的N₂O排放通量集中在施肥后的55~91 d之间.N₂O排放峰值最高的是常规尿素处理,在施肥后第79天出现,达到0.299 mg/（m2·h）,施用配比包膜氮肥N₂O排放峰值均低于常规尿素处理.④施用配比包膜氮肥玉米产量高于普通尿素处理,减量配比包膜氮肥不会降低玉米产量.⑤土壤氨挥发总量与施氮量呈显著正相关.施用配比包膜氮肥相比于普通尿素可显著减少土壤氨挥发,减量配施氮肥相比于全量施肥可显著减少土壤氨挥发.因此,施用配比包膜氮肥,可在保证粮食产量的前提下减少氮肥投入,降低氮肥的气态损失,从而降低环境风险.      

Ce-Mn/TiO2吸附剂的脱汞性能及抗SO2特性

采用浸渍法制备Mn/TiO₂（MT）、Ce/TiO₂（CT）和Ce-Mn/TiO₂（CMT）脱汞吸附剂,在固定床脱汞实验台上研究吸附剂的脱汞性能.结果表明,吸附温度为100~200℃时,3种吸附剂的脱汞性能均随温度的升高而增强;而在200~300℃范围内,脱汞效率均出现不同程度的降低.MT、CT及CMT吸附剂的脱汞效率在200℃时达到最高,分别为91%、58%和95%.MT和CT吸附剂的抗SO₂性能较弱,在N₂+6% O₂+1000×10^-6SO₂烟气条件下,30min内脱汞效率均下降到50%,而CMT吸附剂在2h内仍能保持80%以上的脱汞效率,表明在MT中掺杂Ce不仅可以提高吸附剂的脱汞性能,还可以增强抗SO₂性能.利用N₂吸附/脱附、X射线衍射（XRD）、H₂-程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等方法对吸附剂的物理化学性质进行表征,并对吸附产物进行热重分析（TG）和程序升温脱附实验（TPD）,阐明了CMT脱汞吸附剂的抗SO₂特性机理.Ce的掺杂,提高了活性组分在吸附剂表面的分散度及Mn⁴⁺的比例;相比于MnO₂,CeO₂可优先与SO₂反应,抑制了SO₂对Mn⁴⁺的毒害作用,从而提高了抗硫性能.     

Ag-PANI/BiOI光催化剂湿法脱除气态单质汞

采用原位光还原和简易化学吸附法制备出新型的三元Ag负载聚苯胺/碘氧化铋（PANI/BiOI）系列光催化剂,在模拟烟气条件下考察了光催化剂的脱汞性能,研究了Ag负载量、反应温度和烟气成分等对脱汞活性的影响,采用N₂吸附-脱附、XRD、TEM、XPS、DRS等技术对光催化剂的物理化学属性进行表征.结果表明：添加PANI后,光催化剂的Hg⁰去除性能大幅提升.负载4wt%的Ag后,Ag（4%）PANI/Bi OI具有约98%的脱汞性能.无机阴离子NO₃^-、Cl^-和SO₄^2-对光催化剂脱汞性能的抑制作用较小,但CO₃^2-对光催化剂的活性抑制作用较大,脱汞效率明显下降至82%.与PANI/BiOI相比,Ag（4%）PANI/Bi OI的比表面积和总孔容增大,表明Ag纳米颗粒高度分散在PANI/Bi OI的表面.Ag-PANI/BiOI显示出较强的光吸收能力.Ag纳米颗粒的添加能显著增强PANI/Bi OI表面e^--h⁺对的有效分离.光催化剂高效脱汞的原因在于PANI、Bi OI之间良好的带隙匹配和Ag纳米颗粒的表面等离子体共振（SPR）效应.     

聚合物强化超滤技术分离Hg2+和Cd2+的研究

以聚丙烯酸钠为络合剂,研究Hg2+和Cd2+混合溶液的络合超滤分离行为.考察了pH值、负载比(LR)及外加盐浓度对混合体系分离的影响.结果表明,当pH值从5增大到7.5时,2种离子分离系数(S)逐渐下降,最适pH值为5;当LR从0.01增大到2时,S逐渐升高到最大值,此后迅速降低,LR=1.5时S达到最大值;Na2SO4的加入影响S值.控制混合溶液pH=5及LR=1.5,当体积浓缩因子为15时,截留液汞浓度(Cr, Hg)从30mg/L线性递增至444.9mg/L,截留液镉浓度(Cr, Cd)仅从30mg/L升高至35.4mg/L,S值约为227.浓缩液随着洗涤水体积增大,Cr, Hg基本不变,而Cr, Cd下降至5.24mg/L.收集各渗透液,调整至pH=6及LR=0.033予以浓缩,浓缩13倍时,Cr, Cd从27.37mg/L升高到354.7mg/L.     

巯基树脂的合成及对Hg2+的吸附特征

使用聚苯乙烯交联微球为前驱体,经一系列反应合成了一种苯环上含巯基的离子交换树脂(巯基树脂),研究了其对水中Hg2+的吸附特征. 巯基树脂的红外与元素分析结果表明,巯基官能团成功地嫁接到树脂表面,树脂中b(巯基)为2.89 mmol/g. pH对吸附的影响较大,当pH为1时,巯基树脂对Hg2+的吸附量很低,因此,可以用酸洗树脂使其再生. 当pH为2～7时,巯基树脂对Hg2+的吸附量相差不大. 巯基树脂对水中Hg2+的吸附等温线结果表明,温度的升高有利于吸附,吸附量高达14.500 mg/g,且符合Langmuir模型. Hg2+在巯基树脂上的吸附符合准二级动力学方程,对于初始ρ(Hg2+)为1 mg/L的溶液,吸附后最终ρ(Hg2+)可降到0.003 mg/L.      

Assessment of non-invasive techniques for monitoring mercury concentrations in species of Amazon turtles

This study determined the concentrations of mercury (Hg) in four tissues of six species of turtles from the Rio Negro in the Amazon Basin. For two species, blood and carapace tissues were correlated with concentrations in internal tissues to establish whether blood or carapace could serve as a non-lethal indicator of internal metal exposure or body burden. The four tissues’ Hg levels were also correlated to turtle size and gender. The liver in five species of turtles had the highest concentration, followed by carapace, muscle, and blood. The exception was Chelus fimbriatus, which had a higher metal concentration in the muscle than carapace. Regarding the correlation between total Hg concentrations in tissues of the two species, no significant correlation was noted for Podocnemis erythrocephala. However, for Podocnemis sextuberculata significant correlation was found between muscle?×?liver, muscle?×?blood, and liver?×?blood. For P. erythrocephala, there was a correlation between Hg concentration in carapace and turtle size. For P. sextuberculata, there was no marked correlation between Hg concentration and size, but concentration in muscle was significantly influenced by gender. The patterns of Hg accumulation in tissues of the five species followed those described for freshwater species and some species of sea turtles. The difference in C. fimbriatus may be a result of a different pattern of non-living keratin layers on the carapace tissue. The use of carapace to infer internal concentrations of Hg is common in freshwater and sea turtles, but in this study it was found that only blood might be a reliable indicator of Hg concentrations in liver and muscle tissues for P. sextuberculata. Thus blood may be used as a non-invasive method to study concentrations of Hg in liver and muscle of P. sextuberculata.     

Distribution and binding pattern of benzo(a)pyrene in rat liver,lung and kidney constituents after oral administration

Orally administered ³H‐benzo(a)pyrene (BP) was persistent in protein fraction of liver, lung and kidney. The radioactivity in this fraction increased with time after administration and accounted for about 50%, 40% and 65% of total radioactivity in liver, lung and kidney, respectively at 48 hr. The BP metabolites binding proteins were located in cytosol and had molecular weights of 40,000–60,000 and 80,000–100,000 as determined by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. In addition, at 48hr after administration, about 80% of radioactivity in high molecular weight protein fraction was found to be precipitated by trichloroacetic acid treatment.

These results suggest that BP metabolites might be transported by and are persistent in these protein fractions of liver, lung and kidney if the intake of BP is continuous. These proteins, therefore, appeared to be closely related to cell toxicity or mutagenicity in these organs as well as DNA.