两次金汞齐—冷原子吸收光谱法测定雨水中不同形态汞

本文建立了两次金汞齐冷原子吸收光谱法测定雨水样品中总汞及活性汞、次活性汞和惰性汞的方法,该方法的最低检出限为０．５ｎｇ．ｌ＾－１,回收率为９６－１０５％,精密度ＲＳＤ≤５．３％,该方法还可用于其它天然水体中汞的形态测定。     

渤海江豚体内汞的初步研究

１９９０年采于辽东湾的１０头江豚标本，分别测定了其皮肤、骨骼、肌肉、肝脏、肺、肾、心、胃、肠、胰、脾、肾上腺及生殖腺等１３种组织中汞的含量。其主要累积于肝、脾、肾。约在７龄以前，各组织中汞的浓度有随年龄、体长、体重的增加而有增加的趋势。     

Ammonia volatilization losses and 15N balance from urea applied to rice on a paddy soil

Ammonia volatilization loss and ^15N balance were studied in a rice field at three different stages after urea application in Taihu Lake area with a micrometeorological technique. Factors such as climate and the NH4^＋-N concentration in the field floodwater affecting ammonia loss were also investigated. Results show that the ammonia loss by volatilization accounted for 18.6%-38.7% of urea applied at different stages, the greatest loss took place when urea was applied at the tillering stage, the smallest at the ear bearing stage, and the intermediate loss at the basal stage. The greatest loss took place within 7 d following the fertilizer application. Ammonia volatilization losses at three fertilization stages were significantly correlated with the ammonium concentration in the field floodwater after the fertilizer was applied. ^15N balance experiment indicated that the use efficiency of urea by rice plants ranged between 24.4% and 28.1%. At the early stage of rice growth, the fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency was rather low, only about 12%. The total amount of nitrogen lost from different fertilization stages in the rice field was 44.1%-54.4%, and the ammonia volatilization loss was 25.4%-33.3%. Reducing ammonia loss is an important treatment for improving N use efficiency.     

大连湾挥发性有机污染物挥发速率常数估算

本文采用气－液双膜模型和大连湾水文参数，对大连湾检测出的挥发性有机物的挥发速率常数进行估算。结果表明，三氯乙烯等１４种挥发性有机物在大连湾海域中的挥发速率常数在８．０×１０＾－３ｈ－１－１．４×１０＾－２×＾－１之间，挥发半衰期在５０ｈ＝８０ｈ之间。因此，挥发至大气是这些在机物主要归宿。     

抑制土壤汞进入陆生食物链

土壤对Ｈｇ＾２＋有自净力，其作用实质是Ｈｇ的形态转化。本研究试验了膨润土，腐殖质，碳酸钙对汞形态转化的影响结果表明，膨润进使Ｈｇ＾２＋迅速向残留态转化而降低作物对汞的吸收，其效果在用量为０－４５０ｇ／ｋｇ范围呈线性增长；腐殖质使Ｈｇ＾２＋迅速向腐质态汞转化，且有与矿质粘粒争增Ｈｇ＾２＋之势，故最适用量因土壤粘粒含量而异。     

高效藻类塘氮磷去除机理的研究进展

首先介绍了高效藻类塘的发展历史和特点，其次简述了高效藻类塘的生物特性和物理化学变化规律，并重点论述了高效藻类塘的氮磷去除机理及其影响因素，最后对高效藻类塘在控制非点源污染中的应用前景进行展望。     

厨余好氧堆肥中的氮素转化与氮素损失研究

试验采用静态好氧工艺对厨余垃圾进行了堆肥化处理,实验结果反映了厨余堆肥各形态氮的转化规律及其氮损失的数量和氨挥发的阶段。堆制期间,厨余堆肥全氮、有机氮的含量呈显著下降趋势,铵氮含量呈上升趋势,硝氮含量变化不大;堆肥结束后,厨余堆肥水溶性氮组分大量提高,堆肥有机氮90%以上以水溶态形式存在,水溶性总氮达到了堆肥全氮的81%;一次发酵前后,厨余堆肥全氮含量下降了26.3%,总氮损失率达50.0%。氨挥发是厨余堆肥氮损失的重要途径,氨挥发主要集中在堆肥高温阶段的中后期。     

Responses of activities, abundances and community structures of soil denitrifiers to short-term mercury stress

The responses of activities, abundances and community structures of soil denitrifiers to mercury (Hg) stress were investigated through a short-term incubation experiment. Four soil treatments with different concentrations of Hg (CK, Hg25, Hg50, and Hg100, denoted as 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg Hg/kg dry soil, respectively) were incubated for 28 days. Soil denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) was measured at day 3, 7 and 28. The abundances and community structures of two denitrification concerning genes, nirS (cd₁-nitrite reductase gene) and nosZ (nitrous oxide reductase gene), were analyzed using real-time PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Results showed that soil DEA was significantly stimulated in the treatments of Hg25 and Hg50 compared with others at day 7. Meanwhile, no difference in the abundances of soil nirS and nosZ was found between Hg spiked treatments and CK, except the lower abundance of nirS (P<0.05) in the Hg added treatments compared with that in the CK at day 28. The community structures of denitrifiers based on nirS gene presented obvious change at day 7 along with the Hg additions, however, no variation was found in all treatments based on the nosZ gene. The results indicated that Hg (Hg25 and Hg50) had a strongly short-term stimulation on soil DEA, and nirS gene is more sensitive than nosZ gene to Hg stress.     

非热等离子体强化碱液吸收脱除烟气中NO和Hg0的研究

采用正电晕放电产生非热等离子体将模拟烟气中的NO和Hg0氧化成更易吸收的NO2和Hg2+,从而强化其碱液吸收脱除,并考察放电电压及入口SO2和NO浓度对氧化和脱除效果的影响.结果表明,随着电压升高,NO和Hg0的氧化和脱除量增加.当NO浓度为134 mg/m3,放电电压为12.8kV时,吸收塔出口NO和NO2浓度分别为0和69 mg/m3.当Hg0浓度为110 μg/m3,放电电压为13.1 kV时,吸收塔出口Hg0和Hg2+浓度分别为22 μg/m3和11 μg/m3.SO2对Hg0的氧化和脱除具有一定促进效应,且这种效应随SO2浓度提高而增强,但SO2对NO的氧化和脱除影响不大.NO对Hg0氧化有明显的抑制效应,随着NO浓度提高,Hg0氧化和脱除量显著降低.当800 mg/m3 SO2、 134 mg/m3 NO和110 μg/m3 Hg0共存时,对应77 J/L的能量输入,NO和Hg0的脱除率分别为57%和31%.     

微波消解ICP-AES测定电子电器产品中Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr方法的研究

对微波消解ICP-AES(电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法)测定电子电器产品中Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr的方法进行了初步研究,以期为准确检测电子电器中重金属类有害物质的分析方法提供参考.结果表明,所采用的微波消解法对欧洲标准参考物质中Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr的回收率分别为93%、86%、89%和90%.多因素实验所确定的最佳工作参数为功率1.2 kW,等离子气流量15 L/min,雾化气压200 kPa,观察高度10 mm.此条件下Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr的加标回收率均在95%～103.3%之间,测定相对偏差小于0.1,相对标准偏差小于1.5%,元素检出限低.