VARIABILITY IN ADJUSTMENT PREFERENCES TO GROUNDWATER DEPLETION IN THE AMERICAN HIGH PLAINS1

ABSTRACT: This paper explores the adjustments and institutions that residents of the American High Plains prefer in coping with the depletion of the High Plains (Ogallaia) aquifer. The authors identify 48 possible adjustments and report on public preferences for them as determined from a mail survey of 956 respondents in 14 counties. For purposes of analysis, the adjustments are categorized into five groups: user practices, management policies, financial incentives and disincentives, technological fixes, and other. Preferences were also determined among five levels of government to enforce each of the adjustments. Adjustments associated with user conservation practices were generally most preferred while financial incentives and disincentives were least favored. Local groundwater management agencies were the most favored level of institution to administer conservation adjustments followed by the state, county, and federal levels. The most preferred option for 20 adjustments was that no agency should be involved. Respondents in agriculturally related occupations showed less support for water conservation laws and gave greater acceptance to the continuance of existing methods. Irrigators viewed the increasing cost of lifting water as a more serious problem than the depletion of groundwater.     

THE CENTRAL ARIZONA WATER CONTROL STUDY: A CASE FOR MULTIOBJECTIVE PLANNING AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT1

This paper describes the successful application of a multiobjective planning framework, incorporating substantial public involvement, to a major water resources decision involving intense confilcts. The study was initiated to help resolve more than a decade of controversy over a project proposed to control flooding and provide regulatory storage in the Phoenix, Arizona, area. The public was actively involved in the development of study goals and the specification of acceptable tradeoffs between multiple objectives. A wide range of structural and nonstructural alternatives was formulated and evaluated in relation to these objectives, and broad-based support was developed for a new plan. Reasons for the successful outcome are discussed, as well as implications for water resources planning under the new Federal Principles and Guidelines.     

高压水射流清洗机清洗质量的FUZZY评价

根据模糊集的基本理论,构造了一个评价高压水射流清洗机清洗质量的数学模型,并给出了模糊评价应用范例。     

旋转水射流清洗钢管内外表面的方法

以小型三柱塞泵为动力,利用两套旋转水射流同时对钢管内外表面进行清洗,清洗喷头的移动和被清洗件的替换动作,由三柱塞泵驱动的液压油缸及其牵引的钢丝绳操作,系统仅有单一动力装置。旋转接头采用胶状体拦截固体颗粒,利用悬浮安装的Ｏ 型圈密封压力;可在压力１２ＭＰａ 以下,输送磨料浆液,每分钟３００ 转时,寿命可达１０００ 小时。清洗液可以进行加热,并过滤循环使用。该方法已在煤矿单体液压支柱的清洗作业中得到使用,清洗速度达到每小时（４０～６０）根缸筒或活塞柱。     

新型干法水泥熟料项目环境影响评价要点分析

通过对水泥行业各不利因素进行分析,提出节能生产工艺、脱硝控制、生态保护、降噪等方法和措施。通过在环境影响评价中提出以上要求措施,以环境监理和验收作为落实手段,在建设期将各类环保措施落实到位,以期在新建水泥行业实现先期预防、清洁生产的结果。     

Bench-scale synthesis of zeolite A from subbituminous coal ashes with high crystalline silica content

In this present work, fly ash and bottom ash with high crystalline silica content were obtained from the coal-fired boilers within the paper industries in Thailand. These coal ashes were used as the basic raw materials for synthetic zeolite production. The crystal type and crystallinity, specific surface area and pore size, and textural properties of zeolite products were characterized by using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), N₂ sorption analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), respectively. It was found that sodalite octahydrate was selectively formed via the direct conventional (one-step) synthesis, whereas through a two-step, sodium silicate preparation and consecutive zeolite A synthesis process, 94 and 72 wt.% zeolite A products could be produced from the fly ash and bottom ash, respectively. The cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of fly ash and bottom ash-derived zeolite A products were closely similar to that of the commercial grade zeolite A.     

DEM分辨率及子流域划分对AnnAGNPS模型模拟的影响

 针对大中尺度流域非点源污染模拟精度与运算效率的突出矛盾,选取数据精度与空间离散化2个关键影响因素,讨论数字高程模型(DEM)分辨率和临界源面积(CSA)取值对AnnAGNPS模型模拟结果的影响.分别比较了7组CSA取值及8组不同DEM分辨率对华北潮河流域大阁子流域AnnAGNPS模型参数提取及模拟结果的影响.研究发现,CSA取值对汇水单元的数量、地表径流量、泥沙以及总氮的模拟有很大的影响.随着CSA取值的增大,地表径流量变化不大;泥沙先逐渐增大,后呈减少趋势;总磷负荷的变化趋势不明显;总氮负荷呈逐渐减少的趋势.选择合适的CSA是流域AGNPS模型模拟的基础.DEM是分布式水文模型的基础数据,研究表明:DEM分辨率对坡度有较大的影响.随着DEM分辨率的降低,径流量变化不大;土壤侵蚀和总氮负荷变化却十分明显,当DEM分辨率从30m逐渐降低至60m时,泥沙输出及总氮负荷迅速减小,总磷呈现先减小后逐渐稳定的趋势,但变化幅度小于总氮和泥沙.当DEM分辨率小于60m,泥沙和总氮的输出随分辨率降低下降缓慢.以30m和50m DEM为例,通过不同精度的DEM坡度回归分析,建立了低精度DEM坡度修正的方法.用修正后的坡度进行AnnAGNPS模型模拟计算,结果表明坡度修正对泥沙、总氮、总磷的模拟有不同程度的改善.     

高分环境遥感应用示范系统平台总体设计与实现

为满足我国环境保护遥感动态监测业务需求,本文基于环保领域的高分数据应用技术流程,以Web Service地图服务为基础,采用多层体系、C/S与B/S混合架构和文件系统与Oracle结合的数据库设计思路,以插件工作流的方式集成业务系统,设计开发了高分环境遥感应用示范系统平台。本文重点阐述了平台的总体设计思路及具体实现的关键技术。平台的运行有效保障了在太湖等高分示范区开展的高分环境监测业务化示范信息产品生产工作,充分发挥了高分数据在环境遥感监测中的优势和作用,为全面提升我国环境遥感动态监测能力和技术水平提供重要技术支撑。     

PVDF ultrafiltration membranes of controlled performance via blending PVDF-g-PEGMA copolymer synthesized under different reaction times

PVDF blended different graft ratio of PVDF-g-PEGMA were systematically studied. Tuning the amphiphilic copolymer synthesis time to control membrane performance. The PVDF membrane with PVDF-g-PEGMA at 19 h possesses most surface oxygen content. The synthesis time of PVDF-g-PEGMA at 9 h is good for high flux UF membrane. Polyvinylidene fluoride grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PVDF-g-PEGMA) was synthesized using atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) at different reaction times (9 h, 19 h, and 29 h). The corresponding conversion rates were 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively. PVDF was blended with the copolymer mixture containing PVDF-g-PEGMA, solvent and residual PEGMA under different reaction times. In this study, we explored the effect of the copolymer mixture additives with different synthesis times on cast membrane performance. Increasing the reaction time of PVDF-g-PEGMA causes more PVDF-g-PEGMA and less residual PEGMA to be found in the casting solution. Incremental PVDF-g-PEGMA can dramatically increase the viscosity of the casting solution. An overly high viscosity led to a delayed phase inversion, thus hindering PEGMA segments in PVDF-g-PEGMA from migrating to the membrane surface. However, more residual PEGMA contributed to helping more PEGMA segments migrate to the membrane surface. The pure water fluxes of the blended membrane with reaction times of 9 h, 19 h, and 29 h are 5445 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹, 1068 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹and 1179 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹, respectively, at 0.07 MPa. Delayed phase inversion can form smaller surface pore size distributions, thus decreasing the water flux for the membranes with PVDF-g-PEGMA at 19 h and 29 h. Therefore, we can control the membrane pore size distribution by decreasing the reaction time of PVDF-g-PEGMA to obtain a better flux performance. The membrane with PVDF-g-PEGMA at 19 h exhibits the best foulant rejection and cleaning recovery due to its narrow pore size distribution and high surface oxygen content.     

浮游动物DNA宏条形码多样性监测采样方法研究

浮游动物是水生生态系统的重要组成部分,对环境因子敏感,是水生生态健康状况的重要指示生物.基于传统形态学的浮游动物调查方法无法鉴定桡足类幼体,难以准确了解浮游动物群落组成.DNA宏条形码技术基于DNA序列差异识别物种,为浮游动物群落组成的准确解析提供了新方法.比较了不同浮游动物采样方法(直接过滤法和网富集法)对浮游动物D...