关于高层建筑中几个消防问题的探讨

根据目前国内高层建筑的状况,结合所发生的火灾特点,提出了在消防方面应引起重视的几个问题。还给出了处理这些问题的建议和防治方法,并指出在高层建筑中,若所有电梯都设计成消防电梯,同时少建裙房,必将有助于减少火灾造成的损失     

湿式催化氧化技术处理高浓度工业废水研究

采用日本大阪煤气公司先进的湿式催化氧化技术及其 2 0 0 L/ d小型工业试验装置对高浓度焦化废水、造纸黑液 (原水CODCr分别为 1180 0和 5 0 0 0 0 mg/ L )进行处理试验 ,结果 CODCr去除速率分别达到 5 40 mg/ ( L· min)和 2 412 mg/ ( L· m in)。应用国产化湿式催化氧化技术和 2 0 m3/ d工业装置对同样两种高浓度工业废水进行处理 ,结果 CODCr和 NH3-N的去除率均达 99%以上 ,并使废水经处理后连续稳定地达标排放 ,具有较好的经济效益     

两种荔枝螺染色体核型以及性畸变个体染色体研究

首次报道2种荔枝螺的染色体核型,比较了正常疣荔枝螺和性畸变个体染色体的差异。结果表明:疣荔枝螺Thaisclavigera2n=24,其中11对为中央着丝粒染色体,1对为端部着丝粒染色体。黄口荔枝螺Thaisluteostoma2n=24,包括10对中央着丝粒染色体,1对亚中着丝粒染色体和1对端部着丝粒染色体;性畸变个体的染色体的形态有所改变,但数目没有变化。     

Large‐Scale Fine‐Resolution Hydrological Modeling Using Parameter Regionalization in the Missouri River Basin

This study simulated crop and water yields in the Missouri River Basin (MRB; 1,371,000 km²), one of the largest river basins in the United States, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) at a fine resolution of 12‐digit Hydrological Unit Codes (HUCs) using the regionalization calibration approach. Very few studies have simulated the entire MRB, and those that have developed were at a coarser resolution of 8‐digit HUCs and were minimally calibrated. The MRB was first divided into three subbasins and was further divided into eleven regions. A “head watershed” was selected in each region and was calibrated for crop and water yields. The parameters from the calibrated head watershed were extrapolated to other subwatersheds in the region to complete comprehensive spatial calibration. The simulated crop yields at the head watersheds were in close agreement with observed crop yields. Spatial validation of the aggregated crop yields resulted in reasonable predictions for all crops except dryland corn in a few regions. Simulated and observed water yields in head watersheds and also in the validation locations were in close agreement in naturalized streams and poor agreement in streams with high groundwater‐surface water interactions and/or reservoirs found upstream of the gauges. Overall, the SWAT model was able to reasonably capture the hydrological and crop growth dynamics occurring in the basin despite some limitations.     

Application of integrated micro sensor in internal measurement of high temperature fuel cell

This study developed an integrated (flow, voltage, and temperature) micro sensor using the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. It was inserted into the high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) for local real-time measurement. The integrated micro sensor is made of 40 µm thick stainless steel base material, and its protective layer is formed by polyimide (PI) that has better temperature resistance. The integrated micro sensor has three functions, and is favorably characterized by small size, good acid resistance and temperature resistance, quick response, real-time measurement, and being able to be put in any place for measurement. After calibration, and its reliability confirmed, the integrated micro sensor is inserted into the HT-PEMFC for local microcosmic measurement.     

近三十年云南九大高原湖泊水面面积遥感变化监测

云南省九大高原湖泊对于云南省社会经济可持续发展具有极其重要的意义。利用30 m分辨率的Landsat系列遥感数据和1.5 m分辨率的SPOT6/7遥感数据分别对云南省九大高原湖泊1989,1993,2000,2007,2015年的湖面面积进行了动态监测。结果表明:云南省九大高原湖泊在1989~2015年间总体上较为稳定,湖体湖面面积共减少了约41 km~2(约4%),但各湖变化差异较大。杞麓湖和异龙湖湖面面积持续快速萎缩,至2015年异龙湖已萎缩了1989年湖体湖面面积的40%。其中异龙湖萎缩的主要原因是干旱和围湖造田,而滇池变化波动较大,原因主要在于工业发展及工程治理。通过对同期的Landsat 8OLI数据与SPOT6/7数据解译的杞麓湖和异龙湖湖面面积对比发现不同空间分辨率的解译结果有较为明显差异(2.8%和1.7%),表明在采用多源遥感数据进行湖泊面积解译时需要考虑不同空间分辨率的影响。     

Genotoxicity assessment of human peripheral Lymphocytes induced by thallium(I) and thallium(III)

Thallium is a non-essential metal with a wide range of industrial uses. However, thallium is also a potential pollutant with high potential toxicity to humans. In the present study, we analyzed and compared the cellular and genotoxic effects of thallium in two main oxidation states by applying chromosome aberration assays to human peripheral lymphocytes. We observed that thallium(I) sulfate reduced the mitotic index at all tested concentrations (0.5, 1, 5, 50 and 100 μg/mL), whereas thallium(III) chloride was toxic at concentrations ≥1 μg/mL. Thallium(I) and thallium(III) treatment significantly increased structural chromosomal aberrations, with and without gaps, and increased the percentage of aberrant cells without gaps. Furthermore, satellite associations and numerical chromosomal aberration tests showed significant differences at a few of the tested concentrations. The satellite association test is related to aneuploidy. Thallium salts increased satellite associations when hyperploid cells were observed. Our results indicated that the two oxidation states of thallium induced toxicity in vitro – i.e. cyto/genotoxic (clastogenic and aneuploidogenic) effects.     

Protected areas and deforestation: new results from high‐resolution panel data

This paper investigates the effectiveness of protected areas in slowing tropical forest clearing in 64 countries in Asia/Pacific, Africa and Latin America during the period of 2001–2012 by comparing deforestation rates inside and within 10 km outside of the boundaries of protected areas. Annual time series of these deforestation rates were constructed from recently published high‐resolution data on forest clearing from Hansen et al. (2013). For 4,028 parks, panel estimation based on a variety of park characteristics was conducted to test if deforestation was lower in protected areas because of their protected status, or if other factors explained the difference. From a sample of 726 parks established since 2002, a test was also conducted to investigate the effect of park establishment on protection. Findings suggest park size, national park status and management by indigenous people all are significantly associated with effective protection across regions. For the Asia/Pacific region, the test offers compelling evidence that park establishment has a near‐immediate and powerful effect.     

Altitude dependence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in surface soil from Tibetan Plateau, China

Remote mountain areas besides high latitude regions are beginning to receive increased attention in studying the transport and behavior of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In the present work, surface soil samples were collected from the Tibetan Plateau, the highest plateau in the world which includes the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma, to investigate the levels and trends of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) along the altitudinal gradient. The average PCB and PBDE concentrations were 185.6 ng kg⁻¹ dry weight (dw) (range 47.1–422.6 ng kg⁻¹ dw) and 11.1 ng kg⁻¹ dw (range 4.3–34.9 ng kg⁻¹ dw), respectively. Regression analysis between the log-transformed TOC-normalized concentrations and the altitudes of the sampling sites showed two opposite trends with regard to altitude dependence: negative relationship with altitude below about 4500 m followed by a positive altitude dependence above this point. Considering minimum anthropogenic activities and very sparse precipitation in the north of Himalayas, the trends above 4500 m imply that the significant altitude dependence of these two groups of POPs were irrespective of pollution sources, but could be predicted by the global distillation effect involving cold condensation in high altitude mountain areas. Increasing levels of heavier congeners were found in higher altitude sites, although the lighter congeners were the main contributors to the total amount, suggesting that less volatile congeners seem to become enriched easier than those more volatile at higher altitudes in this region.     

重庆近48年来高温天气气候特征及其环流形势

利用重庆23个气象观测站1960~2007年逐日最高气温观测资料,NCEP/NCAR再分析数据集中的高度场格点资料,运用EOF、REOF等方法,探讨重庆高温日数的空间分布特征,并对多高温天气的2006年和少高温天气年7~8月的环流特征进行了分析。结果表明：重庆高温天气主要出现在7~8月份,高温日数具有显著的年代际和区域性差异,20世纪70年代最多,80年代最少,沿长江、乌江为高温多发带。一致性异常分布是重庆高温日数的最主要空间模态;高温日数的异常空间分布可分为以下3个关键区：重庆中西部、重庆东南部、重庆东北部。乌拉尔山至鄂霍次克海地区阻塞高压偏弱,东亚大槽偏浅;100 hPa 高空南亚高压偏东,500 hPa 高空副高偏北偏西,形成一种上高下高的叠加形势是重庆7~8月出现多高温天气的主要原因。