CONTRASTING WATER QUALITY FROM PAIRED DOMESTIC/PUBLIC SUPPLY WELLS,CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS1

ABSTRACT: Closely located domestic and public supply wells were sampled using identical sampling procedures to allow comparison of water quality associated with well type. Water samples from 15 pairs of wells with similar screened intervals completed in the central High Plains regional aquifer in parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas were analyzed for more than 200 water quality constituents. No statistically significant differences were observed between the concentrations of naturally‐derived constituents (major ions, trace elements, and radon) in paired wells. However, differences in water quality between paired wells were observed for selected anthropogenic compounds (pesticides and tritium), in that some public supply wells produced water that was more recently recharged and contained constituents derived from surface activities. The presence of recently recharged water and compounds indicative of anthropogenic activities in some public supply wells was likely due to operational variations (pumping rate and pumping cycles), as demonstrated in a particle tracking simulation. Water containing surface‐derived anthropogenic compounds from near the water table was more quickly drawn to high volume public supply wells (less than five years) than domestic wells (greater than 120 years) with small pumping rates. These findings indicate that water quality samples collected from different well types in the same area are not necessarily directly comparable. Sampling domestic wells provides the best broad‐scale assessment of water quality in this aquifer setting because they are less susceptible to localized contamination from near the water table. However, sampling public supply wells better represents the quality of the used resource because of the population served.     

Too hot to handle: The effects of high temperatures during pregnancy on adult welfare outcomes

This paper studies the long-term effects of high temperatures during pregnancy on later-life outcomes for Chinese adults. Adults experienced one additional high-temperature day during in utero period, on average, attain 0.02 fewer years of schooling, increase the risk of illiteracy by 0.18%, achieve lower standardized word-test score by 0.48%, and are shorter by 0.02 cm. The impacts are greater in the first and second trimesters. Additionally, we find that income effects represent one important channel to explain the adverse effects of hot weather. Back-of-the-envelope predictions suggest that by the end of the 21st century, a 0.14–0.54 reduction in years of education and a 0.21–0.84 cm reduction in height is likely to result from climate change, ceteris paribus.     

氧化石墨烯遗传毒性的实验研究

研究氧化石墨烯(GO)的遗传毒性,考察其致突变作用,为GO在生物领域的安全应用提供依据。采用Ames试验、体外CHL细胞染色体畸变试验和小鼠体内染色体畸变试验,分别在细菌水平、细胞水平及整体动物水平研究GO的遗传毒性。GO各剂量组的Ames试验结果为阴性。CHL试验中,CHL细胞染色体畸变率随GO浓度的增加而升高,其中1.000 mg·mL~(-1)剂量组(+S_9)和0.500 mg·mL~(-1)剂量组(-S_9)畸变率显著升高(P 0.05)。小鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变试验中,骨髓细胞染色体畸变率同样随GO浓度的增加而升高,1.000和0.500 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组的畸变率显著提高(P 0.05)。虽然Ames试验结果没有反映出GO的遗传毒性,但在体外及体内染色体畸变试验中,GO均表现出对哺乳动物细胞染色体有潜在的遗传毒性。     

液相色谱法测定空气中苯并[a]芘的不确定度评估

根据《化学分析中不确定度的评估指南》提供的不确定度分析思路,对液相色谱法测定空气中苯并[a]芘的不确定度进行了评估,分析了影响测量不确定度的各个因素,对测量结果的不确定度进行评定和表述。     

新工艺制备聚合氯化铝絮凝剂的实验研究

以Al2O3和CaO为原料用焙烧酸溶制备工艺合成新型高效的聚合氯化铝。研究结果表明,提高焙烧温度时有利于新型絮凝剂制备合成反应,最佳原料配比为(Al2O3)60%,最佳酸溶时间为3h。。     

米曲霉氨基酰化酶酶法拆分制备D型芳香族氨基酸

以DL-苯丙氨酸为起始原料,乙酸酐乙酰化后得到N-乙酰DL-苯丙氨酸,利用米曲霉氨基酰化酶立体结构专一催化水解N-酰基-L-氨基酸的酰胺键的特点,分别得到L-苯丙氨酸和N-乙酰D-苯丙氨酸.通过结晶法分离两者后,N-乙酰D-苯丙氨酸经6 mol/L HCI水解得到D-苯丙氨酸.由此拆分DL-苯丙氨酸得到光学纯度分别为98%的L-苯丙氨酸(收率84.8%,以原料N-乙酰-DL-苯丙氨酸的0.5倍摩尔量为理论产率)和92.3%的D-苯丙氨酸(收率89.5%).参22     

Nitrate reduction during ground-water recharge, Southern High Plains, Texas

In arid and semi-arid environments, artificial recharge or reuse of wastewater may be desirable for water conservation, but NO₃⁻ contamination of underlying aquifers can result. On the semi-arid Southern High Plains (USA), industrial wastewater, sewage, and feedlot runoff have been retained in dozens of playas, depressions that focus recharge to the regionally important High Plains (Ogallala) aquifer. Analyses of ground water, playa-basin core extracts, and soil gas in an 860-km² area of Texas suggest that reduction during recharge limits NO₃⁻ loading to ground water. Tritium and Cl⁻ concentrations in ground water corroborate prior findings of focused recharge through playas and ditches. Typical δ¹⁵N values in ground water (>12.5‰) and correlations between δ¹⁵N and ln C_NO⁻3–N suggest denitrification, but O₂ concentrations ≥3.24 mg l⁻¹ indicate that NO₃⁻ reduction in ground water is unlikely. The presence of denitrifying and NO₃⁻-respiring bacteria in cores, typical soil–gas δ¹⁵N values <0‰, and decreases in NO₃⁻–N/Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻/Cl⁻ ratios with depth in cores suggest that reduction occurs in the upper vadose zone beneath playas. Reduction may occur beneath flooded playas or within anaerobic microsites beneath dry playas. However, NO₃⁻–N concentrations in ground water can still exceed drinking-water standards, as observed in the vicinity of one playa that received wastewater. Therefore, continued ground-water monitoring in the vicinity of other such basins is warranted.     

Multivariate curve resolution of multidimensional excitation-emission quenching matrices of a Laurentian soil fulvic acid

Fluorescence excitation–emission matrices (EEM) of aqueous solutions of Laurentian soil fulvic acid (LFA) at three concentrations (50, 75 and 100 mg/l) were obtained at two pH values (pH = 4.0 and 6.0) and as function of the Cu(II) ion concentration. The presence of Cu(II) ion provokes quenching of the intrinsic LFA fluorescence due to complex formation. Multivariate curve resolution (MCR-ALS) was used to successfully decompose single EEM into excitation and emission spectra for the detected components. Moreover, multidimensional (up to six dimensions) data matrices were generated by adding EEM collected as function of the LFA and Cu(II) concentrations and pH. MCR-ALS was able to resolve the excitation and emission spectra from these multidimensional data matrices given further information about the spectral variation profiles induced by the experimental factors. Conditional stability constants (log K_LFACu) were calculated from the quenching profiles observed as function of the Cu(II) concentration, as well as, their trends as function of pH and LFA concentration were obtained – average (and standard deviation) of log K_LFACu = 4.6 ± 0.2. This EEM/MCR-ALS methodology constitutes a new tool for the study of natural organic matter under varying experimental conditions that characterize natural environmental systems.     

西安市冬季重污染天PM2.5高分辨率及其中碳气溶胶污染特征分析

为了研究西安市冬季重污染天PM2.5及其中碳气溶胶的变化特征,在2013年1月1日至2013年2月28日大气污染严重的天气进行24 h连续的PM2.5样品采集,再通过Model-4型全自动半连续式在线光/热法大气气溶胶OC/EC分析仪分析得出OC、EC的连续质量浓度值。结果表明,西安市PM2.5质量浓度冬季重污染天日循环变化规律明显,均大致呈现双峰模式,白天和夜间各有一个高峰。2月份的每个PM2.5质量浓度值高峰和低峰的出现均比1月份晚2-3 h,夜晚的高峰值比1月份低,PM2.5质量浓度比1月份上升得慢,下降得快。气象条件能对PM2.5质量浓度产生较强的影响。2月份PM2.5质量浓度值整体比1月份低,但在2月10日出现突越（499μg·m-3）,这与春节假期人为活动变化有关。OC/PM2.5、EC/PM2.5、TCA/PM2.5日变化幅度都较小,这说明OC、EC、TCA的来源比较一致;OC/EC值的平均值为6.63,表明西安冬季重污染期PM2.5中的一次来源主要为燃煤排放。PM2.5、OC、EC、TCA和OC/EC的值较2010年都有明显的上升,但OC/PM2.5、EC/PM2.5、TCA/PM2.5的值却是下降的,这说明近年来PM2.5及碳气溶胶的控制措施效果不明显,碳气溶胶二次来源增加,PM2.5的排放来源变得更加复杂。OC和TCA日循环变化呈现出明显的双峰特征;EC的变化趋势不明显。一天中OC/EC值多数时候处于较高水平,且受早晚车流量高峰的影响不明显,说明西安冬季重污染期间碳气溶胶受光化学反应转化的二次来源影响比较大。OC、EC的线性相关性比较好,且白天相对夜晚好,说明西安市冬季夜间燃煤采暖增加了碳气溶胶来源的复杂性。