不同香蒲预处理方式对水平潜流人工湿地脱氮的强化效果

针对水平潜流湿地脱氮过程中后端碳源不足导致反硝化脱氮效果不佳的问题,对湿地植物香蒲采用简单处理、酸热处理和碱热处理这3种预处理,探讨香蒲在不同预处理条件下静态释放规律和反硝化特性,基于碳源稳定释放特性及反硝化特性优选碱热处理香蒲作为人工湿地实验系统补给碳源,研究其对水平潜流人工湿地脱氮的强化效果.结果表明,香蒲不同预处理方式导致乙酸释放存在差异,造成碳源静态释放量存在明显差异,3种香蒲处理方式的平均COD释放量为碱热处理(89. 57 mg·L-1)酸热处理(67. 27 mg·L-1)简单处理(54. 45 mg·L-1).碱热处理香蒲硝氮去除率为75. 2%,明显高于酸热处理(67. 2%)和简单处理(23. 5%).水平潜流人工湿地中段投加碱热处理香蒲,能明显提高湿地脱氮效果,TN平均去除率对比空白对照湿地提高30. 3%,同时系统出水COD浓度不会显著提高,还能有效提高系统对污水中磷的去除效果,除磷效果相比空白组提高33. 9%.     

卤素离子对溶解性黑碳光化学活性的影响

溶解性黑碳(DBC)是天然有机质的重要组分,但其在河口水环境中的光化学活性尚不清楚.为解决这个问题,以大豆秸秆溶解性黑碳为目标物,使用山梨酸能量转移同分异构方法研究河口水卤素离子浓度条件下激发三重态DBC (³DBC^*)的生成速率(F_T)、淬灭速率(k_s')、稳态浓度([T]_ss)变化规律,并使用2,4,6-三甲基苯酚电子转移探针方法研究卤素离子对³DBC^*电子转移过程的影响.结果表明,卤素离子及其离子强度作用对F_T无显著影响,但k_s'因离子强度和Br^-重原子效应而减小,导致³DBC^*的[T]_ss增加.高浓度DBC光化学实验证实离子强度作用引起DBC分子聚集,导致³DBC^*的电荷转移过程减弱,从而抑制³DBC^*的淬灭.山梨酸探针实验表明,卤素离子及其离子强度作用对³DBC^*的能量转移无直接影响,主要是通过抑制³DBC^*的淬灭,增加[T]_ss.进一步研究发现卤素离子及其离子强度作用对低能态³DBC^*(E_T < 250kJ/mol)无显著影响,但抑制高能态³DBC^*(E_T > 250kJ/mol)的电子转移,且随卤素离子和离子强度的增加而愈发明显.     

钢渣中磁性矿物的赋存特性对分选效果的影响研究

对新余钢铁公司0～10 mm的细粒钢渣干式磁选分离所得到的产品进行扫描电镜检测、分析,找出了影响细粒钢渣干式磁选指标难以得到提高的原因,用于指导生产实践。研究结果表明:钢渣在干式磁选过程中,包裹有微细粒的金属铁或与金属铁连生的浮氏体以及具有一定磁性的铁酸盐容易进入磁性分离物中,这些物质自身铁品位较低,从而造成了磁性分离物中铁品位的降低。     

Noise exposure of pregnant mice induces heart defects in their fetuses

To determine the effects of noise exposure on hearts of newborn mice, 48 pregnant mice were exposed to recorded aircraft flight noise (100?dB) for 150?min from the 2nd day of pregnancy to 7th day after delivery. Mice of the same age were selected as control group. The weights and crown-rump lengths of the fetuses and the newborns were measured, and their hearts were removed under deep anesthesia on the 1st, 7th, and 14th days after birth and prepared histologically. Quantitative changes of the hearts were measured stereologically by the Cavalieri method. The ultrastructural changes of cardiac myocytes were examined using transmission electron microscopy. No histological changes were observed, but the volumes of newborns’ hearts in the experimental groups increased significantly compared to the control group. Photomicrographs of cardiac muscle cells revealed nuclear envelope changes, chromatin condensation, and increased mitochondria and myofibrils in noise-exposed newborns. It is concluded that the newborns of pregnant mice exposed to noise stress have hypertrophic hearts with ultrastructural changes.     

Effect of Cd++ on germination,growth and active principles of Datura metel L.∗

The effects of Cd⁺⁺ concentration increment in soil and/or in atmosphere, on germination, growth and alkaloid contents of Datura metel L. were investigated. We observed a significant reduction of growth following addition of Cd⁺⁺ in soil. Minor effects on growth were evident when the plants were sprayed with CdCl₂ solution (10mgCd⁺⁺/l).

Scanning electron microscope observation showed stomata widely open and conspicuous cuticular striations in the foliar epidermis of polluted plants.

GLC analysis of extracts evidenced a significant variation in active principle content among plants undergoing different treatments.     

Structural alterations in compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster in response to sodium fluoride treatment

Sodium fluoride, used as a pesticide in agriculture, is also an ingredient of toothpastes which help to fight dental problems. In this study, Drosophila melanogaster, a non-target organism, is used to explore morphological changes in the adult compound eye as a function of exposure to fluoride at 20, 40, 80, 100 and 150 mg L^?1, using scanning electron microscopy. The experimental concentrations were much lower than the ones used in the studies of the British Association of Community Dentistry. Distinct morphological alterations in the eye of the treated insects revealed ommatidial ridges and disoriented mechanosensory bristles which were most prominent in the 40 and 80 mg L^?1 treatment groups. Since humans and Drosophila share homology in many genes that are involved in developmental pathways, the present findings raise concern on the use of sodium fluoride as a pesticide.     

电流对MEC-3DBER-S脱氮除磷效果的影响及机理分析

针对低C/N污水处理厂二级处理出水中氮、磷去除问题,基于三维电极生物膜工艺（3DBER）反硝化脱氮碳源消耗量少的特点,构建了微电凝聚-三维电极生物膜耦合硫自养强化脱氮除磷工艺（MEC-3DBER-S）.对比研究了3DBER与MEC-3DBER-S在不同电流强度条件下的运行特性,并结合基于nirS基因的克隆文库技术分析了MEC-3DBER-S中反硝化微生物的构成.运行结果表明,MEC-3DBER-S有效强化了氮、磷的去除效果,特别是提高了低电流条件下的脱氮效率;同时电流作用能够促进海绵铁腐蚀,提高除磷效果.当C/N=1.5、HRT=8h、I=300mA条件下,其TN和TP去除率分别达到75%和78%,分别比3DBER高10%和28%左右.基于nirS基因的克隆文库结果表明,MEC-3DBER-S中同时存在与具有异养、氢自养、硫自养和铁自养反硝化功能的菌属相似的细菌.该体系中有机碳源、H2、单质硫和Fe²⁺等电子供体可相互补充,强化了脱氮;同时,体系中还存在物化联合生物除磷的作用,强化了除磷.因而,MEC-3DBER-S复合反硝化体系保证了较高的脱氮除磷效果.     

电子束辐照降解水中氧氟沙星的研究

应用电子直线加速器初步探索了水体中氧氟沙星的辐照降解影响条件及降解机理.对初始浓度为20mg/L的氧氟沙星水溶液进行了辐照降解研究,分别选取了0.5kGy,1.0kGy,2.0kGy,3.0kGy,5.0kGy共5个剂量组,以研究辐照吸收剂量对降解效率的影响,同时分别对氧氟沙星水溶液进行空气饱和（水合电子清除剂）、氮气饱和、添加0.005mol/L及0.05mol/L氯化钠、添加0.05mol/L叔丁醇（羟基自由基清除剂）、添加0.005mol/L碳酸钠、添加0.005mol/L硫酸钠等方法进行处理,以探究降解过程中辐照水体产生自由基对氧氟沙星降解的贡献率.结果表明,以空气饱和进行处理,可提高氧氟沙星的降解率,辐照吸收剂量为2.0kGy时降解率可达99%.反之,加入氯化钠、叔丁醇和碳酸钠抑制了氧氟沙星的降解,加入硫酸钠则影响不大,表明羟基自由基在氧氟沙星降解中起关键作用.通过应用超高效液相色谱-质谱（UPLC-MS）对降解产物的分析鉴定,推测出了氧氟沙星的降解转化途径.     

Kinetics and mechanisms of reactions for hydrated electron with chlorinated benzenes in aqueous solution

The reactions between chlorinated benzenes (CBzs) and hydrated electron (eaq-) were investigated by the electron beam (EB) and laser flash photolysis (LFP) experiments. Under the EB irradiation, the effects of irradiation dose, initial concentration and the number of Cl atoms on the removal efficiencies were further examined. At 10 kGy, the removal efficiencies of mono-CB, 1,3-diCB, 1,2-diCB and 1,4-diCB were 41.2%, 87.2%, 84.0%, and 84.1%, respectively. While irradiation dose was 50 kGy, the removal efficiencies increased to 47.4%, 95.8%, 95.0%, and 95.2%, respectively. Irradiation of CBzs solutions has shown that the higher the initial concentration, the lower the percentage of CBzs removal. In addition to this, the dechlorination efficiencies of 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-diCB), 1,3-dichlorobenzene (1,3-diCB) and 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-diCB) were much higher than that of chlorobenzene (mono-CB). The kinetics of the reactions was achieved with nanosecond LFP. The rate constants of second-order reaction between eaq- with mono-CB, 1,2-diCB, 1,3-diCB and 1,4-diCB were (5.3±0.4) × 10⁸, (4.76±0.1) × 10⁹, (1.01±0.1) × 10¹⁰ and (3.29±0.2) × 10⁹ L·mol^-1·s^-1, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to determine the optical properties of unstable CBzs anion radicals, and the main absorption peaks lied in the range of 300–550 nm. The primary reaction pathway of CBzs with eaq- was gradual dechlorination, and the major products were Cl^- and benzene (CBzs(-Cl^-)). Furthermore, biphenyl (or chlorobiphenyl) was observed during the LFP, which was probably formed by recombination of benzene radicals.     

热解温度对生物炭循环伏安曲线特性的影响

随着生物炭在农业和环境领域的应用逐渐增多,生物炭对环境中生物化学过程的影响也日益加深.本文利用循环伏安曲线,探究了不同热解温度下生物炭的电子传递方式.结果发现,在热解温度为400℃时,生物炭的电导率较低,而循环伏安曲线上存在明显的氧化还原峰,这表明生物炭的电子传递方式以官能团的氧化还原反应过程为主.随着热解温度升高,以含氧官能团为主的氧化还原活性物质含量降低,氧化还原峰的峰电流降低;同时,生物炭比表面积增大、导电性增强,循环伏安曲线形状逐渐变为梭形,响应电流也逐渐增大;这表明生物炭的电子传递方式逐渐转变为主要依靠生物炭导电性的方式.总之,循环伏安曲线可以定性地分析生物炭的电子传递方式,为探究生物炭不同电子传递方式对生物化学过程的影响提供了一定的研究基础.