电子辐照下聚酰亚胺材料表面充电特性研究

目的研究多因素条件下航天用典型介质材料聚酰亚胺表面充电特性。方法利用空间介质材料表面带电地面模拟实验系统,以电子枪辐照材料模拟空间带电环境中航天器材料表面带电过程,以航天器上常用的介质材料聚酰亚胺为研究对象,研究不同电子能量、不同束流密度和不同厚度下聚酰亚胺表面充电特性。结果聚酰亚胺表面电位随着电子能量、束流密度和厚度的增大而增大,电子能量越高,束流密度越大,聚酰亚胺表面充电平衡时间越短。结论航天器介质材料表面带电程度与空间带电环境的电子能量、束流密度和介质材料本身结构紧密相连,研究多因素作用下航天用典型介质材料表面充电特性,将为航天器带电防护设计提供数据支持。     

电子束辐射对铜绿微囊藻藻毒素产生和释放的抑制作用研究

铜绿微囊藻及其所产生的藻毒素严重威胁人类健康和生命安全,给水处理带来很大困难.利用直线加速器产生的电子束对铜绿微囊藻分别进行1、2、3、4和5 kGy的辐射,通过胞内毒素和胞外毒素的变化,分析了电子束辐射对藻细胞毒素产生和释放过程的影响.结果表明,2～5 kGy的辐射使藻细胞叶绿素a含量迅速大幅下降,对胞外毒素的去除率分别为76.9%、76.2%、76.2%和97.7%,表明电子束辐射对微囊藻毒素的降解作用.胞内毒素、胞外毒素与叶绿素a浓度之间的相关性拟合进一步证实电子束辐射抑制了胞内毒素的产生.     

周丛生物存在下不同水层氧化还原带的分布及其与微生物的关联

目前人工水草、弹性填料等多种载体广泛用于地表水体净化,通过载体表面富集的周丛生物去除污染物达到净化效果.尤其在周丛生物存在情况下,不同水层的氧化还原带分布情况与污染物的去除有着直接或间接的关系,因此,研究周丛生物存在下不同水层氧化还原带的分布及其微生物特征具有重要的实际意义.在模拟的水柱装置中,加入玄武湖采集的富营养化水,再悬挂弹性填料富集周丛生物,待周丛生物生长达到稳定期之后,监测不同水层氧化还原因子及其微生物.结果表明,周丛生物作用下,水柱中不同水层自上而下依次出现5条氧化还原带,周丛生物在每个带所利用的最终电子受体分别为O2、NO-3、Fe3+、CO2和SO2-4,依次称为氧还原带、NO-3还原带、铁还原带、产甲烷带和SO2-4还原带;各带的标志性物质DO、NO-2、Fe2+、HCO-3和硫化物的最高值分别为11.290、4.950、38.326、120.000和12.180 mg·L-1.通过Biolog技术监测微生物特征显示:不同水层对应的周丛生物其组成、代谢活性、碳源利用能力存在显著差异,由此造成了不同水层氧化还原带的分布.不同水层氧化还原带分布及其微生物特征的研究,为揭示周丛生物净化不同深度水体水质提供了科学解释,也为发展高效的基于周丛生物净化水质的技术提供了理论依据.     

碳源类型、温度及电子受体对生物除磷的影响

以中试氧化沟系统活性污泥为研究对象,开展了碳源类型、温度、电子受体和COD浓度对释磷、吸磷过程的影响研究.结果表明:25℃时,以生活污水、乙酸钠和葡萄糖为不同碳源,葡萄糖的释磷、吸磷速率最小,分别为5.12 mg·(g·h)-1和6.43 mg·(g·h)-1,生活污水和乙酸钠的释磷、吸磷速率数值相近.在12、16、20和25℃时,以乙酸钠为碳源,释磷、吸磷速率随温度的升高有不同程度的增加;且好氧吸磷速率随外加COD浓度的增大而减小.当以氧、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为电子受体时,吸磷速率的大小排序为:氧硝酸盐亚硝酸盐;缺氧吸磷过程的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的消耗量与吸磷量之间的化学计量关系(P吸收/N消耗,质量比)分别为0.96和0.65.     

Optimal methods to determine the physical parameters for activated carbon adsorption

The objectives of this research were to examine the physical characteristics of activated carbons made of different materials, thereby suggest a preferable approach to obtaining the optimal estimation of the parameters for the activated carbons by the statistical techniques. After the appropriate pretreatments, the apparent and true densities of activated carbon, adsorption isotherms of argon, nitrogen and mercury, and the adsorptive capacity of benzene were determined by using the recommended approaches. The results showed that the shapes of hysteresis loop indicated that the pores were probably slit‐shaped or formed by plate‐like particles, which could be confirmed by the SEM examination. It was noted that the apparent density used for pore volume calculation presented a higher possibility of underestimation. Through the use of the statistical techniques, such as factor analysis (FA) and correspondence analysis (CA), the principal physical parameters on adsorption phenomena could be characterized. Finally, the optimal methods for obtaining the surface area and pore volume of activated carbons were suggested.     

气相色谱法测定气体中的二溴甲烷

建立了一种简便快速测定空气中二溴甲烷的方法，即空气中的二溴甲烷经Tenax管吸附，TJ-618热解析仪解析，电子捕获检测器检测，该法线性关系良好，其精密度及回收率均符合方法学要求，方法结果简单、快速、准确、可靠。     

SIEMENS烟气连续监测系统在电子束脱硫装置中的应用

本文介绍了SIEMENS烟气连续监测系统的性能及其在电子束辐照烟气工业化试验装置中的应用，对其工作特点和实际运行情况进行了分析。     

ESR技术应用于逆胶束酶体系性能的研究

采用鼠李糖脂构建逆胶束体系,并利用电子自旋共振（ESR）技术研究了鼠李糖脂逆胶束及鼠李糖脂逆胶束酶体系的性能.采用ESR光谱技术计算得出逆胶束体系中超精细分裂常数变化,研究表明鼠李糖脂在正己烷中的临界胶度为0.07mmol/L.通过分析ESR光谱中旋转相关时间的变化,探究电子自旋探针在逆胶束中运动受阻和翻转所需时间的情况同时,ESR光谱的峰值体现了样品中自由基含量的多少.通过对比逆胶束体系、逆胶束酶体系以及逆胶束酶-苯酚体系的ESR光谱,结果表明鼠李糖脂逆胶束-苯酚体系的自由基最多.通过研究对16-氮氧自由基硬脂酸对两个体系作用,推测出电子自旋探针自由基团定位于逆胶束水核中,并且推断电子自旋探针位于水核的边缘区域,即结合水水层.该研究为逆胶束酶体系的应用提供了坚实的理论基础.     

基于SEM-EDS的大气降尘特征及来源解析——以荒漠草原区井工开采煤炭基地为例

利用场发射扫描电子显微镜-配能谱分析系统（SEM-EDS）于2019年3~5月对荒漠草原区煤炭基地及其周边5个功能区（煤炭工业区、煤炭运输道路、电力工业区、商住区和沙区）共计23个大气降尘样品的粒径特征、微观形貌、单颗粒能谱图进行检测分析.结果表明,各功能区大气降尘中颗粒物总体形貌基本相似,均包括近球状、类椭球状、颗粒状、块状和柱状/片状颗粒物以及烟尘集合体.此外,煤炭运输道路、电力工业区和商住区还存在球状颗粒物.各功能区大气降尘以>10μm颗粒物为主,其中,电力工业区、商住区、沙区和煤炭工业区大气降尘平均粒径均>100μm,且总量超过65%,煤炭运输道路大气降尘平均粒径为67.59μm,粒径>50μm的颗粒物量占53%.大气降尘主要由细粉砂、粗粉砂和细砂组成.大气降尘中颗粒物的类型包括存在于各功能区中的硅酸盐矿物（石英、钾长石和斜长石）、碳酸盐矿物（方解石和白云石）、硫酸盐矿物（石膏）和高岭石,存在于煤炭运输道路、煤炭工业区和电力工业区中的富铁颗粒,存在于煤炭工业区中的铁镁颗粒,存在于煤炭运输道路、煤炭工业区、电力工业区和商住区中的烟尘集合体和燃煤飞灰.大气降尘来源主要为本地源,包括各功能区中均存在的地表扬尘、工业扬尘、建筑扬尘和大气中二次化学反应产物,煤炭运输道路、煤炭工业区和电力工业区中存在的机动车零件磨损产物,以及煤炭运输道路、煤炭工业区、电力工业区和商住区中存在的机动车尾气排放和燃煤产物.     

Phase separation and regrowth of aerosol matter collected after size fractionation in an impactor

Aerosol matter in the size range <2 μm was collected in a Berner impactor and subsequently analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry. Owing to the low electron beam energy of 5 keV (occasionally 10 keV), analysis was restricted to elements with atomic numbers 20 (Ca). Sub-micrometer aerosol matter was found to contain mostly S, O, and C as well as some K and Ca. Nitrogen appeared to escape detection, probably due to bombardment-induced sublimation of NO₃ and NH₄. During sampling at low to moderate relative humidity (<60%) the sulphur-rich fraction of the aerosol matter (most likely sulphates) regrew in the form of microcrystals with sizes up to 10 times larger than the mean aerodynamic diameter of the respective impactor stage. By contrast, when sampling during periods in course of which the relative humidity exceeded 70%, the aerosol matter regrew in the form of extended amorphous agglomerates. The aerosol deposits also contained large numbers of carbon nanoparticles, well separated from the regrown sulphate-rich matter. The nanoparticles were similar in size (20–40 nm), much smaller than the equivalent aerodynamic diameter of the impacting particles (63 nm–2 μm). Presumably, the carbon nanoparticles constituted the core of larger air-borne particles covered with sulphates (as well as with nitrates and organic carbon). The regrown microcrystals disappeared rapidly under electron bombardment at high current density, an observation that indicates high volatility at elevated temperatures. Aerosol matter collected in the size range between 1 and 2 μm contained large fractions of particles made of O, Si, P, K, and Ca (oxides). These particles were highly resistant to electron bombardment (hard) and showed little or no evidence for agglomeration or regrowth. After removing the soluble (acidic) material from the collected aerosol matter, only carbon nanoparticles and hard coarse particles were left behind. The observation of agglomerated or crystallized “soft” aerosol matter in combination with phase separation of carbon nanoparticles lends further support to the assertion that it is not possible to collect useful quantities of fine and ultrafine aerosol particles with as-suspended morphology. Some implications for health-related research are discussed.