污泥厌氧发酵液燃料电池的性能及电子供体分析

采用剩余污泥厌氧发酵液为阳极燃料、铁氰化钾溶液为阴极电子受体,成功启动了双室微生物燃料电池(MFC).考察了厌氧发酵过程中剩余污泥上清液中各种挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)含量的变化,研究分析了污泥厌氧发酵液燃料电池的产电过程、燃料消耗及电子供体. 结果表明,污泥厌氧发酵液中乙酸含量最高(约占总VFAs的50%),异戊酸和丙酸含量次之(分别约占总VFAs的18%及15%),正丁酸和异丁酸含量较少(均低于总VFAs的10%),正戊酸含量最低(低于总VFAs的1%);MFC实现了250h稳定电压输出(0.65±0.05V),库伦效率为9.09%;阳极总化学需氧量(TCOD)、溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)、VFAs均呈现整体下降趋势, TCOD和SCOD的去除率分别为74.9%和86.4%; VFAs的完全消耗伴随着反应器产电性能迅速变差,表明VFAs是主要电子供体;在MFC产电过程中, VFAs的消耗与产生同时存在,消耗总体快于产生;各种VFAs消耗快慢依次为:乙酸>正丁酸>丙酸>正戊酸>异戊酸>异丁酸.     

A multi-integrated approach on toxicity effects of engineered TiO2 nanoparticles

The new properties of engineered nanoparticles drive the need for new knowledge on the safety, fate, behavior and biologic effects of these particles on organisms and ecosystems. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been used extensively for a wide range of applications, e.g, self-cleaning surface coatings, solar cells, water treatment agents, topical sunscreens. Within this scenario increased environmental exposure can be expected but data on the ecotoxicological evaluation of nanoparticles are still scarce. The main purpose of this work was the evaluation of effects of TiO₂ nanoparticles in several organisms, covering different trophic levels, using a battery of aquatic assays. Using fish as a vertebrate model organism tissue histological and ultrastructural observations and the stress enzyme activity were also studied. TiO₂ nanoparticles (Aeroxide® P25), two phase composition of anatase (65%) and rutile (35%) with an average particle size value of 27.6±11 nm were used. Results on the EC₅₀ for the tested aquatic organisms showed toxicity for the bacteria, the algae and the crustacean, being the algae the most sensitive tested organism. The aquatic plant Lemna minor showed no effect on growth. The fish Carassius auratus showed no effect on a 21 day survival test, though at a biochemical level the cytosolic Glutathione-S-Transferase total activity, in intestines, showed a general significant decrease (p<0.05) after 14 days of exposure for all tested concentrations. The presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles aggregates were observed in the intestine lumen but their internalization by intestine cells could not be confirmed.     

Heavy Metals in Moss and Bark From Urban Area of Florence: A New Cleaness Procedure for Removing Superficial Particulate Matter

Abstract

Hypnum cupressiforme epiphytic moss and tree bark (elm and holm oak) samples have been collected in three sites of the city of Florence in the period 1995–1998. Lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium were determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) in about 200 samples collected at different heights above ground. A new clean-up procedure by nitrogen jet has been followed and its efficiency has been also verified by electron microscopy (SEM and ESEM techniques). Lead median contents in moss and bark samples fall within the ranges of 0.052–0.86 and 0.20–1.30 μmoles g^?1 (dry weight), resulting values for moss and bark are proportional to the vehicular traffic density. the increasing use of lead-free gasoline has not been followed by a decrease of lead moss concentration.     

Adsorption behaviors of activated carbons for the exhaust from spray painting booths in vehicle surface coating

Adsorption performance of activated carbon adsorbers in the downstream duct of vehicle spray painting booths has been studied to understand whether fine paint particles in the off-gas would deteriorate the adsorption capacity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on activated carbons. Three forms of activated carbons were selected and their properties were determined using nitrogen adsorption analysis, the measurement of pH value and total ash content, energy dispersion spectrometer, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Results show that the adsorption capacity of activated carbon strongly depends upon its available specific surface area. When the total uptake on activated carbon approaches saturation, the vapors adsorbed would commence to get displaced by the paint particles gradually as time elapses and finally the uptake of vapors and paint particles reach equilibrium. Microporous carbons, in particular, were much more susceptible to paint particles. A Langmuir-type model for the uptake on activated carbons was suggested, which successfully described the adsorption behaviors of the off-gas released from vehicle spray painting booth.     

Toxicity of depleted uranium on isolated liver mitochondria: a revised mechanistic vision for justification of clinical complication of depleted uranium (DU) on liver

Depleted uranium (DU) is widely used in military anti-armor weapons. Recent evidence suggested that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to DU-induced toxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms of DU toxicity in mitochondria are not well understood. In this study, liver mitochondria were obtained from Wistar rats treated with DU in the form of uranyl acetate (UA) (0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg i.p.) using differential centrifugation. For in vitro experiments, control rat liver mitochondria were incubated with different concentrations of UA (50, 100 or 200 μM) for 1 hr. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial swelling were examined by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial sources of ROS formation were determined using specific substrates and inhibitors. Extent of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione (GSH) oxidation, and also complex II and IV activities were detected via spectroscopy. Further, the concentration of ATP and ATP/ADP ratio was measured using luciferase enzyme and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria which was detected by ELISA kit. UA induced succinate-supported mitochondrial ROS production, elevated LPO levels, GSH oxidation, and mitochondrial complex II inhibition. UA also induced mitochondrial permeability transition and increase in cytochrome c release which subsequently disturbed oxidative phosphorylation and reduced the mitochondrial ATP concentration. Data suggest that mitochondrial oxidative stress and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation may play key roles in DU-induced hepatic toxicity.     

北京市不同天气条件下单颗粒形貌及元素组成特征

使用透射电镜(TEM)对采自北京市2011年3~4月间不同天气条件下的气溶胶样品进行观察,并对比2010年3月沙尘天气和2010年11月18日雾天样品,对可吸入颗粒物PM10的基本形貌、矿物元素组成和硫化特征等做比较分析.结果表明,采样期间PM10主要包括烟尘集合体、飞灰、矿物颗粒、二次反应颗粒等,不同天气条件下颗粒类型并无明显差别.采样期间矿物颗粒以“富Si”颗粒(占总量46%)为主,“富Ca”(总量17%)、“富S”颗粒(总量13%)为次要,“富Fe”(总量7%)及较少“富Na” 颗粒(总量6%)和其他颗粒.沙尘天气中沙尘暴输入大量沙尘颗粒使占颗粒83% 的“富Si”颗粒含量明显高于阴天的36%和雾天的32%.仅在阴天和雾天发现大量“富S”颗粒,其中雾天26%,阴天10.7%,说明这2种天气二次反应强烈,易于生成富S二次颗粒,对颗粒物元素组成产生影响.对所有含S颗粒分析表明,不同天气含S矿物含量差异较大,阴天16%,雾天36%,晴天和沙尘天气则含量很低,说明一定的SO2浓度下,大气湿度越大,硫化现象越明显.雾天颗粒物表面的硫化现象相当严重,在含硫量较高的颗粒中,绝大部分同时含有Ca、Na、Si、Fe等元素,说明大气中含Ca、Na、Si、Fe的碱性矿物对雾水酸性有一定的缓冲作用.     

气体放电非平衡等离子体化学脱硫脱硝理论基础研究

研究了烟气电离放电脱硫脱硝的非平衡等离子体化学反应过程,采用介质阻挡强电离放电方法产生高电子浓度(＞10     

窄脉冲电晕放电烟气脱硫产物粒径分析的实验研究

为了便于脱硫产物的收集和应用,用沉降法采样,用电子显微镜对产物气溶胶进行粒径分析．实验在窄脉冲电晕放电装置上,模拟含硫烟气在工况条件下（气体流量２ｍ３／ｈ,反应器入口处ＳＯ２浓度２０００ｍｌ／ｍ３,ＳＯ２和ＮＨ３在通道中停留时间为５ｓ以上,温度６０℃、水蒸气体积比７．５％,相对湿度３８．２％）进行．电子显微镜的观测结果显示,脱硫产物粉尘结构疏松,颗粒形状不规则．根据电镜照片的统计结果,得出产物粉尘的数目中位径ＮＭＤ为０．４０μｍ,几何标准偏差σ１＝５．２１;质量中位径ＭＭＤ为２．８２μｍ,几何标准偏差σ２＝１．４３     

非平衡态等离子体技术在环境保护领域的应用

非平衡态等离子体的特点在于通过放电产生的电子温度远远高于系统中其他重粒子的温度。根据这一特点研究了非平衡态等离子体对环境污染物的处理技术;分析了非平衡态等离子与环境污染物的作用过程及其机理;最后探讨了该技术在环境保护领域的应用前景及其存在的问题。      

酱油废水混凝处理的特征及机理研究

将酱油废水混凝沉淀过程中产生的物化污泥 ,回流至混凝反应的前段 ,加以重复利用 .试验表明 ,回流污泥与PAC、石灰混合后适用于高浓度的老抽酱油废水的混凝预处理 .污泥回用量为 5 0mL·L-1,PAC与石灰的投药量为 4 8mL·L-1,3 6g·L-1,比没有污泥回流时的 8 0mL·L-1,6 0g·L-1,减少了 4 0 % ,预处理过程中的沉淀污泥总产量下降 2 8 4 % .在此条件下 ,COD和色度平均去除率分别为 4 4 2 %和 93 2 % .结合透射电镜图片的机理分析表明 :石灰中的CaO可与废水中的糖类等物质反应生成沉淀 ,在回流污泥吸附卷扫与PAC电性中和的共同作用下 ,色度和COD得到明显去除 .