堆肥制作中微生物侵染秸秆的环境扫描电镜(ESEM)观察

为了探索堆肥制作中木质纤维素类物质的生物降解过程,在堆肥进程中取不同分解阶段的秸秆样品,利用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)观察微生物的分布情况,并从机械作用的角度探讨了微生物在秸秆分解过程中的作用。结果表明,堆肥制作前新鲜秸秆表面未发现微生物分布,堆肥制作前期微生物开始附着在秸秆表面,随着堆肥进程,秸秆表面微生物密度有所增加,秸秆分解时产生的裂缝中发现也有微生物分布。堆肥制作中,参与秸秆分解的微生物以群落形式分布,从个体形态来看,这些微生物主要由球菌和丝状菌组成,但不同形态微生物个体大小差异较大。分析认为大型丝状菌通过秸秆分解产生的裂缝侵入秸秆内部时所产生的机械作用可促进秸秆的崩解。     

己酸菌富集及其利用餐厨垃圾产己酸的研究

采用批式发酵的方式,考察3种不同电子供体(乙醇、乳酸、乙醇和乳酸)对己酸菌的富集情况,进而选取产己酸最优的混合菌,探究在不外加电子供体情况下,餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产己酸的性能.结果表明:当以乙醇和乳酸共同作为电子供体时,己酸浓度可达(2303.06±499.56) mgCOD/L,产己酸效果最佳,并显著富集到了3种碳链延长菌:Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12(16.04%±0.16%),Caproiciproducens(28.78%±0.15%),Oscillibacter(2.32%±0.03%);将产己酸最优的混合菌接种于餐厨垃圾进行厌氧发酵,己酸浓度最高可达(8657.36±996.21) mg COD/L,己酸产率为(230.05±26.47) mg COD/gVS,己酸选择度为27.74%±3.19%.以上结果验证了以乙醇和乳酸共同作为电子供体时对己酸菌具有明显的富集作用,富集到的混合菌可有效用于餐厨垃圾的产己酸发酵,为餐厨垃圾的资源化利用提供了理论支撑.     

Effects of ferrous and manganese ions on anammox process in sequencing batch biofilm reactors

Ferrous and manganese ions, as essential elements, significantly affect the synthesis of Haem-C, which participates in the energy metabolism and proliferation of anammox bacteria. In this study, two identical sequencing batch biofilm reactors were used to investigate the effects of ferrous and manganese ions on nitrogen removal efficiency and the potential of metal ions serving as electron donor/acceptors in the anammox process. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was applied to investigate the microbial growth. Results showed that the nitrogen removal increased at high concentrations of Fe2＋ and Mn2＋ and the maximum removal efficiency was nearly 95% at Fe2＋ 0.08 mmol/L and Mn2＋ 0.05 mmol/L, which is nearly 15% and 8% higher than at the lowest Fe2＋ and Mn2＋ concentrations （0.04 and 0.0125 mmol/L）. The stabilities of the anammox reactor and the anammox bacterial growth were also enhanced with the elevated Fe2＋ and Mn2＋ concentrations. The Fe2＋ and Mn2＋were consumed by anammox bacteria along with the removal of ammonia and nitrite. Stoichiometry analysis showed Fe2＋ could serve as an electron donor for NO3-N in the anammox process. Nitrate could be reduced with Fe2＋ serving as the electron donor in the anammox system, which causes the value of NO~-N/NH4-N to decrease with the increasing of N-removal efficiency.     

微生物燃料电池中生物阴极的研究与应用现状

在简要介绍了微生物燃料电池的发展背景、原理和发展趋势的基础上,重点概述了微生物燃料电池阴极的发展现状,特别是生物阴极的研究与应用现状,最后对其目前存在的主要问题进行了分析,并对其今后的发展提出了展望。     

Simultaneous Feammox and anammox process facilitated by activated carbon as an electron shuttle for autotrophic biological nitrogen removal

• The autotrophic nitrogen removal combining Feammox and Anammox was achieved. • Activated carbon can be used as an electron shuttle to enhance Feammox activity. • Fe(III) was reduced to Fe(II) and the secondary Fe(II) mineral (FeOOH) was obtained. • The iron-reducing bacteria and Anammox consortium was enriched simultaneously. Ferric iron reduction coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Feammox) is a novel ferric-dependent autotrophic process for biological nitrogen removal (BNR) that has attracted increasing attention due to its low organic carbon requirement. However, extracellular electron transfer limits the nitrogen transformation rate. In this study, activated carbon (AC) was used as an electron shuttle and added into an integrated autotrophic BNR system consisting of Feammox and anammox processes. The nitrogen removal performance, nitrogen transformation pathways and microbial communities were investigated during 194 days of operation. During the stable operational period (days 126–194), the total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency reached 82.9%±6.8% with a nitrogen removal rate of 0.46±0.04 kg-TN/m³/d. The contributions of the Feammox, anammox and heterotrophic denitrification pathways to TN loss accounted for 7.5%, 89.5% and 3.0%, respectively. Batch experiments showed that AC was more effective in accelerating the Feammox rate than the anammox rate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed the presence of ferric iron (Fe(III)) and ferrous iron (Fe(II)) in secondary minerals. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that secondary iron species were formed on the surface of iron-AC carrier (Fe/AC), and Fe(III) was primarily reduced by ammonium in the Feammox process. The phyla Anaerolineaceae (0.542%) and Candidatus Magasanikbacteria (0.147%) might contribute to the Feammox process, and Candidatus Jettenia (2.10%) and Candidatus Brocadia (1.18%) were the dominative anammox phyla in the bioreactor. Overall, the addition of AC provided an effective way to enhance the autotrophic BNR process by integrating Feammox and anammox.     

电子束辐照烟气脱硫脱硝技术及模型模拟

对电子束辐照烟气脱硫脱硝技术进行了简要介绍,同时对影响脱硫效率、脱硝效率的主要因素进行了分析,并利用相应软件对反应器中吸收剂量的分布进行了模拟。     

亚硝酸盐反硝化与硝酸盐反硝化对比研究

通过实验对亚硝酸盐反硝化和硝酸盐反硝化进行了对比研究,得出亚硝酸盐作为电子受体时的消耗反应速度要快于硝酸盐作为电子受体时的消耗速度,亚硝酸盐反硝化菌体更能适应低温状态下的除磷等结论.实验同时表明,硝酸盐反硝化的最佳温度在28 ℃左右,亚硝酸盐反硝化的最佳温度在30 ℃左右.     

不同生长期的Pseudomonas putida 5-x细胞对工业废水中Cu2+的吸附

研究了不同生长阶段的Cu^2 吸附细菌Pseudomonas-putida5-x对Cu^2 的吸附容量。结果表明在低硫培养基中，当P.putida 5-x细胞生长刚进入对数生长期时，单位细胞对Cu^2 的吸附溶量最低。而当生长进入稳定生长期的后期或死亡期的早期时，单位细胞对Cu^2 的吸附量最大。实验结果还表明，高浓度的Cu^2 对对数期细胞的吸附能力有一定的抑制，而对死亡期的细胞影响较小。早期 研究已证明细胞对重金属离子的吸附和细胞表面某些对重金属离子具有亲和性的功能基团（如某些膜蛋白及羰基化合物）有关。利用透视电子显微镜观察了不同生长阶段的细胞表面结构及对铜离子的吸附效果，发现生长后期细胞表面吸附有较多的Cu^2 ，这表明生长后期的细胞表面可能含有较多的这类功能基团。     

电子供体刺激下厌氧微生物对1, 2-二氯乙烷的降解效果

通过添加电子供体进行原位生物刺激可有效降解地下水中的氯代烃,目前国内外常采用接种高效微生物的方法强化这一降解过程,鲜见仅利用实际污染场地含水层土著菌开展的生物降解试验.从北京市某氯代烃污染场地采集地下水样品,仅接种场地含水层沉积物,利用微宇宙实验体系,初步探讨了添加不同种类和质量浓度的电子供体对地下水中1,2-二氯乙烷的去除效果影响.结果表明:①同时添加初级生长基质和电子供体对反应体系进行生物刺激可显著降解地下水中的1,2-二氯乙烷.60 d后,添加1 g/L醋酸钠的反应体系中1,2-二氯乙烷的去除率最高,可达93.9%;添加1 g/L的乳酸钠反应体系次之,去除率为82.2%;添加1 g/L的乳酸的反应体系去除率最低,为61.8%.并且添加醋酸钠的试验体系可长时间维持中性pH及较低的氧化还原电位.②相同条件下,对同种电子供体来说,添加量为1 g/L的试验组中1,2-二氯乙烷的降解效果优于添加量为2 g/L的试验组,推测较高质量浓度的电子供体可对微生物的生命活动产生抑制.③对反应体系中间产物进行监测,仅监测到了乙烯的产生,表明在试验周期内无明显毒副产物积累,1,2-二氯乙烷的降解较为彻底.研究显示,醋酸钠为该试验体系中最适电子供体,添加适宜质量浓度醋酸钠对土著菌进行生物刺激可实现对1,2-二氯乙烷的绿色降解.      

活化粉煤灰的结构和组成研究

用化学分析、x光电子能谱、波谱、热谱和扫描电子显微镜等多种方法综合研究粉煤灰的体相和表面相的化学组成、颗粒形貌、表面价态、键型和表面相变过程等结构特征。发现粉煤灰的内部组成与表面组成明显不同;颗粒以微珠为主;粒度分布接近高斯分布;表面有Si－O－Si键,而无羟基;粉煤灰加热时有吸热和放热过程发生,并伴有失重现象。这些为粉煤灰的表面改性和综合利用提供了科学依据。