青藏高原中晚全新世人类活动的孢粉记录

利用孢粉记录追踪过去人类活动历史及其环境效应的研究较少。本文选取青藏高原28处地层化石孢粉序列,采用直接提取和集成方法获得568条具有年代的伴人孢粉（禾本科、石竹科、杨属、十字花科、委陵菜属、车前属、紫菀属、藜科、狼毒属）数据,经标准化处理后建立高原4个分区的人类活动指数。同时结合本区已有研究资料,探讨了中晚全新世以来的人类活动历史。研究表明：（1）Ⅰ区东北区,6.0~5.3 ka B.P.早期人类已开始活动,但低水平的生产方式对植被影响较弱;5.3~4.5 ka B.P.人类活动得到扩展,环境效应开始显现;4.5~3.5 ka B.P.人类活动强度明显增强,加剧了对植被的破坏;3.5~2.0 ka B.P.随着人类活动的进一步加强,导致过度放牧、森林面积减少及风沙活动增强。（2）Ⅱ区东南区,5.0 ka B.P.左右人类活动的环境效应开始显现;4.5~3.5 ka B.P.植被受人为干扰显著;3.5~2.0 ka B.P.人类活动扩张至高海拔地区,对植被影响范围随之扩大;（3）Ⅲ区西南区,5.7~4.5 ka B.P.农业生产活动开始且得到发展,环境效应逐渐凸出;4.5~2.0 ka B.P.人类活动进一步增强,对植被影响亦进一步加剧;（4）Ⅳ区西北无人区,受资料所限并未充分讨论,但已有研究表明,全新世早中期本区已有人类进行狩猎采集活动。     

A numerical study of soil cover performance

In the investigation of soil cover design options for final decommissioning of reactive mine waste, it is often necessary to analyze or predict the anticipated cover performance as a function of the cost of implementation, which is governed by the type, number and thickness of the layers in the cover system. An example of such investigation is presented in this study where one-dimensional evaporation from hypothetical moisture-retaining cover systems is simulated to assess the influence of several cover properties and hydrogeologic parameters on performance. The commercially available transient flow model, SoilCover, was used to compute suction and water content profiles for different cover design scenarios. The predicted water content profile and porosity of layers were then used to estimate the oxygen diffusion coefficients of the various layers. The oxygen diffusion coefficients were used to estimate oxygen flux through the cover systems. The oxygen flux was, in turn, related to the maximum acid flux. The studied cover and hydrogeologic parameters included soil type, thickness of barriers, and water table elevation. Two types of infiltration and oxygen barrier and two types of capillary layer with different thicknesses were studied. The water table was either kept constant at the base of the waste (tailings) or dropped by 0.5, 1, 2, and 3m over 120 days. The results showed that the relationship between water table depression and the thickness of capillary layers, on one hand, and desaturation of the infiltration and oxygen barrier, on the other, is not linear. Relationships between oxygen flux and barrier thickness and between cost increase and performance improvement of the studied cover systems are presented. Finally, a method that outlines steps for site-specific and economically feasible design of multi-layer cover systems is introduced.     

浅谈我国的污水处理方式前景

本文阐述了我国的污水处理方式现状,认为发展分散式废水处理系统,坚持分散处理和集中处理相结合,中心城区以集中处理外排为主、郊区以分散处理为主的方式,将是提高我国污水处理率的发展趋势。     

Reconstruction of the Holocene vegetation in the central Negev Desert,Israel, on the basis of palynological data on the Atzmaut zoogenic deposit

Zoogenic deposits are among a few promising sources of information on the history of arid ecosystems. To reconstruct the former vegetation of the Negev Desert, we performed palynological analysis of the Atzmaut zoogenic deposit that had been formed over the past 6000 years. The results made it possible to reveal seasonality in the use of this rockshelter, to reconstruct the dynamics of vegetation, and to estimate the effect of climatic changes and livestock grazing on the vegetation in the central part of the Negev Desert.     

Seasonal dependency of controlling factors on the phytoplankton production in Taihu Lake, China

In this study, 44 profiles of gross primary productivity(GPP) and sunlight, along with water temperature, Chlorophyll-a(Chla) and nutrients, were observed in Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake, China, in the spring, summer, and fall seasons. Effects of water temperature, light,and nutrient concentration were examined in relation to the GPP-unit-Chla(GPP of algae per Chla). The results showed that the optimum temperature for the GPP of phytoplankton was 27.9°C, the optimal PNA-unit-Chla(photon number absorbed by phytoplankton per Chla) was 0.25(mol), and the HSCN-unit-Chla and HSCP-unit-Chla(half-saturation constants of nitrogen and phosphorus of algae per Chla) were 0.005(mg/L) and 0.0004(mg/L), respectively. The seasonal dependency of the effect of different factors on the GPP was analyzed. Compared with temperature and nutrients, light was found to be the most important factor affecting the GPP during the three seasons. The effect of temperature and nutrients on the GPP of phytoplankton has obvious seasonal change. In spring, temperature was the secondary factor affecting the GPP of phytoplankton, and the effect of nutrients may be negligible in the eutrophic lake on account of temperature limit, which showed that the GPP of algae was only affected by the physical process. In summer and fall, temperature didn't affect the GPP of algae, and the presence of nutrients was the secondary factor affecting the GPP of phytoplankton. From summer to fall, effect of phosphorus was weakened and effect of nitrogen was enhanced.     

可进行择优决策的灰色预测GM（1,1）动态模型

本文提出了一个可进行择优决策的GM(1、1)优化模型。这个模型使原序列的内含信息得到充分开发利用,较好地解决了大样本序列用GM(1、1)建模的问题。实例证明:通过择优指数C_i择取的、以a、u参数外延得到的优化模型,抓住了原序列的主要变化规律,是一个平稳的、具有一定预测能力的模型。     

基于HEC-RAS模型的汉江上游旬阳西段超长尺度古水文演化重建

通过对汉江上游河谷开展广泛细致的野外考察,在汉江上游旬阳西段全新世黄土-土壤剖面发现四层典型的古洪水滞流沉积物。对于系统采集的样品,进行粒度成分、磁化率分析,从沉积学角度证明了它们是典型的古洪水滞流沉积物。这些古洪水滞流沉积层夹在全新世风成黄土-土壤地层序列中,其每一层古洪水滞流沉积物记录了一期古洪水事件。根据OSL测年数据,并结合考古年代学和典型剖面地层对比,确定了这四期古洪水事件分别发生在8 500~8 400 a B.P.、4 200~4 000 a B.P.、3 200~2 800 a B.P.和1 800~1 700 a B.P.。利用古洪水SWD尖灭点高程法,恢复了这四期古洪水洪峰水位,介于233.0~239.2 m之间;进而基于HEC-RAS模型重建了四期古洪水洪峰流量,介于26 500~46 800 m3/s之间。将古洪水研究成果加入后,得到了远超过实测洪水和历史洪水重现期的稀遇洪水的水文信息,延长了汉江上游安康-旬阳段流域洪水的数据序列至万年尺度,使洪峰流量-频率曲线的稀遇洪水部分有了点据控制,百年和千年一遇的洪水洪峰流量的计算由外延变为内插,提高了设计洪水的精度。并且通过古洪水水文计算得到,该河段万年一遇洪水洪峰流量为46 900 m~3/s,千年一遇洪水洪峰流量为37 800 m3/s,百年一遇洪水洪峰流量为28 900 m~3/s。这对于汉江上游水利工程、防洪工程和城镇建设的洪水设计提供了十分重要基础数据。     

广州市生活垃圾处理方式及物流管理方案优化

以广州市为例，运用多目标动态规划模型，以层次分析法（ＡＨＰ）进行综合效益的评估取值，经计算得出各个时期生活垃圾焚烧、制肥、资源化回收和填埋的比例与数量的优化方案，预测了各个规划期中设施的需求量，在此基础上运用最小费用规划模型，选取运输费用与处理费用为因子，同时把经济收入作为负费用从中扣除，计算出城市生活垃圾处理系统的最低费用，市属八区到各处理设施的垃圾流量的优化方案，为管理部门的决策提供了科学依据     

晚冰期以来月亮湖生物硅含量变化的古气候意义

根据大兴安岭中段小型火山口湖月亮湖沉积序列生物硅含量（BSi）替代性指标的分析,结合总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）含量等分析结果,重建了该区末次冰期晚期（21cal.kaBP）以来的高分辨率古气候演化序列。研究结果表明：月亮湖生物硅含量变化范围为0.52%～15.88%,其中末次冰期晚期（21～14cal.kaBP）...     

林火管理经济学的研究与探讨——多种防火要素投入的最佳组合

用经济学的观点分析了多种防火要素投入时的等减灾效益与等成本曲线,研究了多种防火要素之间的相互替代与边际替代率问题,提出了多种防火要素投入时最佳组合的判据。