Developing chemical signatures of particulate air pollution in the Pearl River Delta region, China

PM2:5 samples were collected in a regional sampling network with three sites in Hong Kong and four sites in the adjacent inland Pearl River Delta (PRD) or Guangdong Province during four months/seasons from 2002–2003. Trans-boundary transport between Hong Kong and the inland PRD is inevitable under the influence of Asian monsoon. In summer, Hong Kong serves as the upwind site of the inland PRD while during other seasons it is under the influence of continental emissions. Previous studies have recognized the importance of using chemical signatures to differentiate local vs. regional contributions to air pollutants in Hong Kong such as the CO/NOx ratio, ratios of different VOC species. In this study, detailed chemical speciation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed with PM2:5 samples to identify new chemical signatures to distinguish aerosols in Hong Kong from those from the inland PRD. Since Hong Kong is not influenced by the continental emissions from the inland PRD during summer, comparison focused on chemical data obtained from this season for chemical signatures. The new ratios developed from the current study include LCPI/HCPI ratio of alkanes (0.39 0.02 in Hong Kong vs. 0.78 0.08 in the inland PRD), pyrene to benzo[ghi]perylene ratio (0.97 0.21 in Hong Kong compared to 0.20 0.06 in the inland PRD), and the ratio of 1,2-benzenedioic acid to 1,4-benzenedioic acid (1.8 0.1 in Hong Kong vs. 0.6 0.05 in the inland PRD). Results from this study also revealed that Hong Kong was impacted by ship emissions as reflected by substantially high V/Ni ratio (9 2) while this ratio was about 1–2 at all sites in the inland PRD, which is very close to typical ratios from residual oil combustion.     

居室玻璃表面有机质与多环芳烃分布规律研究

为探讨广州和香港市区玻璃表面薄膜上有机质和PAHs的分布特征,从2007年12月至2008年1月,利用低尘擦拭纸采集广州和香港室内外相对应的15对玻璃表面薄膜样品.结果表明,广州室内外有机质占表面薄膜重量的1.8%和1.1%,香港则分别为3.9%和1.6%.玻璃表面薄膜上Σ15PAHs浓度的最高值达到1430ng/m2,以菲,芴,荧蒽,芘等为主.室内外对比结果显示,主要以颗粒态形式存在的5~6环化合物室内外差别较大,广州室外比室内大约高1倍,而香港由于中央通风系统的过滤作用,其室外比室内高约5~10倍.根据有机质和PAHs浓度之间的相关性,认为室内外存在不同源强的有机质和PAHs来源,玻璃表面可能更有利于PAHs的光降解.     

加速环境制度变革 推动经济社会科学发展

党的十八大以科学发展观为指导,提出了推进生态文明、建设美丽中国的战略任务,生态文明是我党创造性地回答经济发展与资源环境关系问题所取得的最新理论成果,为统筹人与自然和谐发展指明了前进方向。改革开放的中国,社会经济高速发     

香港地区建设项目环境影响评价制度分析

分析了香港建设项目环境影响评价制度体系的发展、现状及评价程序，总结了香港建设项目环境影响评价制度的特点，为中国内地建设项目环境影响评价制度的完善提出了借鉴依据。     

资源三号卫星多光谱数据自动反演香港地区气溶胶光学厚度

利用ZY-3卫星数据高分辨率的特点,提出了一种基于图像自身的阴坡植被暗像元气溶胶光学厚度自动反演算法.首先,分区优选阴坡植被暗像元,基于程辐射信息估算红、蓝波段的气溶胶散射相函数、散射比.其次,在Gilabert算法基础上,增加地表漫反射项的考虑,利用简化的辐射传输方程直接解算阴坡植被及浓密植被暗像元气溶胶光学厚度.最后采用克里金插值,将多个暗像元气溶胶光学厚度推算到整景图像的分布,进而进行大气纠正.结果表明,香港地区ZY-3数据AOD反演结果与MODIS气溶胶C051产品趋势一致,ZY-3数据AOD结果在揭示繁华都市区内部的AOD差异,以及识别城市内部污染源方面更具优势.ZY-3数据大气纠正后,图像清晰度、对比度增强,统计结果显示水体及浓密植被的光谱特征与先验知识相符.     

香港东部近海水质时空分布模式

综合利用系统聚类分析、后退式判别分析和基于GIS平台的逆距离加权法开展了香港东部近海水质时空分布模式研究,案例为香港东部近海区域,数据为2000～2004年27个采样点4类15个水质指标.结果表明:①在时间尺度上,香港东部近海水质最佳分为1～5月和6～12月2组;在空间尺度上分为2组,分别对应于重度和轻度污染类型;②表征时间和空间差异性的显著性指标分别为Si、NH 4-N、SD、DO、温度和TN、NH 4-N、PO-4-P、VSS;③显著性指标的时空差异性比较明显,其中空间尺度上第1组采样点(MM1、TM2～TM4)的周边区域浓度显著高于第2组,同时,除了第1组周边区域之外,TN与PO-4-P的空间分布基本相反,而NH 4-N与VSS则比较相似;时间尺度上Si在6～12月的平均浓度明显高于1～5月,而NH 4-N和SD则相反,此外,DO和温度两者的差异性显著负相关.基于上述结果,建议优化监测频次/采样点,同时需要加强8个显著性指标的监测,并且需要加强香港东部海岸陆源污染控制:吐露港和香港与深圳交界处重点削减点源和农田径流污染,而牛尾海水质管制区和赤门峡北部需要加强浴场休闲区和鱼类与贝类养殖区的环境管制.此研究可为香港近海水质监测和功能区划提供科学基础.     

中国大陆和香港地区职业病名单之比较

为修订中国大陆《职业病目录》提供参考意见,通过循证决策分析,比较中国香港特别行政区职业病名单和中国大陆《职业病目录》的异同点和优劣势,探讨香港职业病名单制度实践经验。结果表明,两地职业病名单在立法程序、地位与作用、分类方法存在一致性,在列举方式、法律依据、制定机构、分类及覆盖范围方面有所不同。特别是中国大陆生物因素所致职业病及职业性肌肉骨骼疾病覆盖范围较窄。在修订《职业病目录》时,应根据社会经济发展需求,结合社会保障能力,逐渐扩大职业病覆盖范围,以适应职业病防治工作的需求。     

珠港澳可持续发展协调度评估

可持续发展协调度是一个综合的概念,文章中主要从资源利用效率、社会环境协调系数、经济环境协调系数和环境治理能力4个方面构置了可持续发展协调度的指标体系,就我国香港、澳门和珠江三角洲9个地级市(广州、深圳、珠海、佛山、东莞、惠州、江门、肇庆和中山)的可持续发展协调度进行评价和对比分析,得出中山和珠海可持续发展协调度最高,肇庆、佛山、江门、惠州、广州、深圳、我国香港的可持续发展协调度较高,我国澳门的可持续发展协调度次之,最不协调的城市是东莞。最后,对东莞和我国澳门存在的问题进行了分析和探讨。     

Domestic waste management and recovery in Hong Kong

This article presents a review of the current municipal solid waste (MSW) and domestic waste generation and recovery situation in Hong Kong and identifies the factors affecting the waste generation rates. The results show that before 1997, MSW and domestic waste generation rates were driven by population growth and growth in the gross domestic product, with the latter having the larger effect. But recent waste generation data show poor correlation between waste generation rates and economic and population figures due to the increase in recycling efforts in the community. The results are also reported of a small-scale survey to explore the public attitude to waste recovery. The results show that most domestic householders have developed habits to carry out separation of waste at source for recycling, but the amount of recyclables recovered was low.