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981.
Paasivirta J Kukkola J Knuutinen J Pessala P Schultz E Herve S 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2005,12(6):375-380
Background, Aim and Scope At present, large-scale paper manufacture involves delignification and bleaching by elemental chlorine free (ECF) or totally
chlorine free (TCF) processes. The wastewater is purified by secondary treatment (mechanical, chemical and biological) which
removes most of the toxic substances from the discharge. However, we found residual toxicity in the high molecular (> 1000
D) matter (HMWM) of the discharge by test of the RET (reverse electronic transfer) inhibition.
This fraction consists mainly of polydisperse lignin (LIG) and carbohydrate (CH) macromolecules. Structural units in these
molecules are studied by pyrolysis gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS). In the present work, our aim was to
find out those structural units which could explain the RET toxicity of LIG or CH molecules. We compared statistically RET
toxicity values of the HMWM samples from treated wastewaters of pilot pulping experiments and intensity variation of the pyrolysis
product gas chromatograms of these samples. This application is a novel study procedure.
Methods Pyrolysis products (Py-GC/MS results) and inhibition of RET (reverse electronic transport toxicity) as TU50 and TU20 of HMWM
(High Molecular Weight Material; Mw > 1000 D) were compared by multivariate statistics. The samples were from laboratory pilot
stages of TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) and ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) manufacture of softwood pulp. Py-GC/MS was done without
and with addition of TMAH (Tetra Methyl Ammonium Hydroxide). The name and structure of each abundant fragment compound was
identified from its retention time and mass spectrum compared to authentic reference compounds or literature. Four sets of
Toxicity Units (TUs) and GC peak areas of the pyrolysis fragments were obtained. The data were normalized by division with
LIG (lignin content of each sample). TU values were dependent and the fragment values independent (explanatory) variables
in statistical treatments by SPSS system. Separate analyses of correlations, principal components (PCA) and stepwise multiple
linear regression (SMLR) were performed from the four sample sets TCF and ECF with and without TMAH.
Results and Discussion From the CH fragments, 2-furfural in TCF, and from the LIG fragments, styrene in ECF showed the highest probabilities to
originate from source structures of toxicity. Other possible compounds in concern were indicated to be CH fragment 2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one
in ECF and LIG fragments 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, 4,5-dimethoxy-2-methylphenol and 2-methylphenol in TCF. 相似文献
982.
从土壤形成的自然环境特点,成土母岩、母质等方面了区域土壤环境背景值特征,为地区土地资源的合理开发利用、农牧业合理布局、土壤污染防治等提供基础资料。 相似文献
983.
984.
985.
986.
焚烧炉医疗垃圾输送装置是专门为医疗垃圾焚烧炉研究设计的配套上料设备。具有体积小,操作方便,实现全自动控制等优点。成功地替代了人工上料方式,有效避免了操作者与物料的直接接触。上料速度均匀可调,有利于保证和提高焚烧效率。清洗、消毒方便,符合有关规范要求。 相似文献
987.
绿色高分子材料及其发展展望 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
介绍了环境友好的绿色高分子材料的重要性,列举了几种可降解高分子材料的类型及其特性,从可降解塑料的研制方面谈及充分、合理地利用资源,同时展望绿色高分子材料的应用前景。 相似文献
988.
Huali Yuan John C. Little Eva Marand Zhe Liu 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2007,41(40):9300-9308
Structural insulated panels (SIPs) have significant environmental and energy advantages. However, the tight structure that results may cause degraded indoor air quality and the potential release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from these layered materials must be considered. A physically based model for predicting VOC emissions from multi-layer materials is described. Fugacity is used to eliminate the concentration discontinuities at the interface between layers. This avoids an obstacle associated with numerically simulating mass transfer in composite materials. The numerical model is verified for a double-layer system by comparing predicted concentrations to those obtained with a previously published analytical model. In addition, hexanal emissions from multi-layer SIPs are simulated to demonstrate the usefulness of the fugacity approach. Finally, the multi-layer model is used to investigate the impact that clay/polyurethane nanocomposite diffusion barriers can have on VOC emissions. Indoor gas-phase concentrations can be greatly reduced with a barrier layer on the surface, thereby minimizing the environmental impact of SIPs. 相似文献
989.
990.
通过对青海省巴硬格莉沟—哇沿河多金属成矿带大量矿石及围岩的硫、氢、氧、碳、铅等稳定同位素测试及分析 ,指出该区成矿物质主要来源于幔源物质与壳源物质的混合 ,成矿与矿带外围印支期 (局部包括少量早燕山期 )二长花岗岩及下元古界达肯大坂群大理岩、二云斜长片麻岩关系密切 ,成矿热液具有混合热液性质 ,主要为岩浆水与变质水的混合 ,并有一定量的大气降水加入。因此构造 (哇洪山断裂带及其派生构造 )、岩体 (印支及早燕山期二长花岗岩 )、地层 (达肯大坂群二云斜长片麻岩、大理岩 )“三位一体”是本区多金属找矿工作的有利部位 ,在今后的找矿勘探中应予以重视。 相似文献