乐安江河滩表层土中重金属的分布和残留分析

流经亚洲最大露天铜矿(德兴铜矿)的乐安江,其三条支流被由采矿行为而产生的酸性矿山废水AMD和一个活性炭厂排出的废液所污染,以至其河滩表层土中有高浓度的Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn。根据中国土壤环境质量标准判断,乐安江河滩表层土有4个地方被Cu所污染,3个地方被Pb和Zn所污染。而对于Cd、Cr、Ni来讲,所有采样点的浓度都比较低。4个高浓度金属离子的采样点表层土表明了它们受到了人为活动的污染。计算出的污染指数也表明受到污染的表层土呈局部分布,与4个污染源(德兴铜矿、银山铅锌矿、火力发电站和捕鱼区、金属高炉)的位置相对应。尽管4个污染源中的后面两个被清理有十几年了,但历史遗留下来的污染物仍残留在表层土中。     

乙醇预发酵对餐厨垃圾与酒糟水解酸化和甲烷发酵的影响

为了解决餐厨垃圾与酒糟干式甲烷发酵过程易酸化问题,考察了两种乙醇预发酵方式-餐厨垃圾单独预发酵和餐厨垃圾与酒糟混合预发酵对底物水解酸化和甲烷发酵的影响,并与不进行乙醇预发酵的对照组比较.结果显示,对照组、餐厨垃圾单独预发酵组(简称“FW预发酵组”)、餐厨垃圾与酒糟混合预发酵组(简称“FW+DG预发酵组”)的甲烷总产率分别为22.8, 222.4, 231.3mL/gVS.乙醇预发酵可以促进发酵底物的水解,预发酵结束后,FW预发酵组发酵底物中的乙醇、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、乙酸浓度与对照组相比分别提高了4.5、1.4、4.9倍,FW+DG预发酵组则分别提高了7.8、1.6、5.9倍.另外,在甲烷发酵过程中,预发酵组的乙醇浓度显著高于对照组,而乙酸、丙酸和TVFA浓度明显低于对照组,表明乙醇预发酵使有机物更多的转化为乙醇,减少了有机酸的生成,有效缓解甲烷发酵过程中的酸积累、产甲烷受抑制等问题.     

Agro-biodiversity in rice–wheat-based agroecosystems of eastern Uttar Pradesh,India: implications for conservation and sustainable management

In this study, we analysed the indigenous practices of agro-biodiversity, changing patterns of cropping systems and conservation of agriculturally important natural resources of rice–wheat-based agroecosystems. The research was carried out in three villages of Azamgarh district, eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Participatory approaches and personal interviews were combined to collect the data from 180 farmers. The results indicated that resource-poor (RP) farmers, by applying traditional practices of natural resource conservation, outperform their rich (RR) counterparts in conserving agro-biodiversity. Increase in irrigation facilities, adoption of improved crop varieties, commercialisation of farming and socio-economic changes have threatened the agro-biodiversity and related natural resources of these agroecosystems. For most of the crops, the RP farmers had better production stability as compared to the RR ones because the former tend to apply more sustainable and ecologically sound indigenous practices. A negative growth rate was observed in the area/numbers and production of legumes, livestock, pasture lands and community forestry. Women, who are the local custodians of conserving indigenous biodiversity (uncultivated species) and crop varieties through localised knowledge and sociocultural institutions, had significantly higher knowledge on agro-biodiversity than men. We concluded that integration of farmers’ eco-friendly practices with formal science and policy-making in a participatory mode may enhance sustainability of functions of agroecosystem leading to the strengthening of adaptive practices in changing climate and socio-economic scenario.     

Post-Sidr public housing assistance in Bangladesh: a case study

Housing is not only a structure, but also a process tied up with social, cultural, psychological and economic attributes. Following Cyclone Sidr, the Government of Bangladesh has been using ‘build back better’ as a colloquial slogan to push forward the idea of resilience in post-disaster interventions, especially with regard to rebuilding houses. This paper examines how and whether the idea is reflected through the government's post-Sidr housing project at Gabtola. It problematizes the slogan from the accounts of community participation, local practicalities, culture, weather and potential future risks. Based on eight months of ethnographic fieldwork at Gabtola, this research found that the basic attributes of the ‘build back better’ slogan are absent with regard to the housing scheme's cost efficiency, management, livelihoods, public health aspects and tolerance against a super-cyclone. These findings will provide valuable insights into the problems associated with the implementation of post-cyclone public housing programmes in Bangladesh. Such insights can assist public authorities and other relevant organizations and donor agencies in revising and improving their post-disaster housing programmes in the wake of future disasters.     

西安城区大气中多氯联苯的气粒分配研究

为了解西安城区大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)的气粒分配规律,于2012年春季对西安城区大气中气态和颗粒态样品进行每周一次的主动采样.结果表明,西安城区大气中PCBs的总浓度(气态和颗粒态)为62.05~454.18pg/m3,主要以气态为主.由Clausius-Clapeyron方程得到的斜率较陡(-5193.24),表明春季大气中的PCBs主要受西安城区附近地面挥发释放的影响.PCBs的气粒分配系数(KP)与过冷饱和蒸汽压(PoL)高度相关,由logKP和logPoL线性回归得到的斜率mr(-0.46~-0.37)均高于平衡状态理论值-1,说明西安城区大气中的PCBs气粒分配尚未达到平衡状态.采用Junge-Pankow吸附模型和Harner-Bidleman吸收模型对PCBs颗粒态百分比(φ)及KP进行了模拟,结果显示两种模型均较好地预测了PCBs的气粒分配行为,但与实验测得的值相比,两种模型均高估了φ值及KP值.     

Quantifying and mapping species threat abatement opportunities to support national target setting

The successful implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity's post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework will rely on effective translation of targets from global to national level and increased engagement across diverse sectors of society. Species conservation targets require policy support measures that can be applied to a diversity of taxonomic groups, that link action targets to outcome goals, and that can be applied to both global and national data sets to account for national context, which the species threat abatement and restoration (STAR) metric does. To test the flexibility of STAR, we applied the metric to vascular plants listed on national red lists of Brazil, Norway, and South Africa. The STAR metric uses data on species’ extinction risk, distributions, and threats, which we obtained from national red lists to quantify the contribution that threat abatement and habitat restoration activities could make to reducing species’ extinction risk. Across all 3 countries, the greatest opportunity for reducing plant species’ extinction risk was from abating threats from agricultural activities, which could reduce species’ extinction risk by 54% in Norway, 36% in South Africa, and 29% in Brazil. Species extinction risk could be reduced by a further 21% in South Africa by abating threats from invasive species and by 21% in Brazil by abating threats from urban expansion. Even with different approaches to red-listing among countries, the STAR metric yielded informative results that identified where the greatest conservation gains could be made for species through threat-abatement and restoration activities. Quantifiably linking local taxonomic coverage and data collection to global processes with STAR would allow national target setting to align with global targets and enable state and nonstate actors to measure and report on their potential contributions to species conservation.     

基于相似理论的飞机实际着陆距离预测方法

为防止飞机着陆时冲出跑道事件的发生,提出一种基于相似理论的飞机实际着陆距离预测方法.首先,通过量纲分析法结合影响飞机实际着陆距离的主要因素,推导出表征实际着陆距离的无量纲方程;然后,利用真实飞行数据,得出不同接地俯仰角条件下飞机实际着陆距离的预测方程;最后,对比分析方程预测结果与由真实数据所得的飞机实际着陆距离.结果 ...     

基于改进YOLOX的变电站工人防护设备检测研究

为解决电气工人防护设备检测问题,通过改进YOLOX算法,提出检测工作人员防护设备的模型。首先在预测部分改进损失函数,为解决损失函数计算存在的缺陷,对IOU损失的计算方法进行改进,根据防护设备任务特性,通过调整各种类型损失函数的权重,增加对模型误判的惩罚,对模型进行优化;其次在算法主干网络中引入CBAM注意力模块提高神经网络对工人防护设备的感知能力;最后在算法Neck部分,将UpSample结构用于多尺度特征融合,加强网络的细节表达能力,从而提升对小目标困难样本的检测精度。研究结果表明：改进后的YOLOX模型平均精度均值达到87.24%,与已有YOLOX模型相比提升2.46%,具备有效性,适用于变电站工人防护设备检测。研究结果可为电气工人提供更高的防护装备检测精度。     

湖北省钉螺分布现状的地理特征分析

湖北省是我国血吸虫病疫情最严重的区域之一,是我国血防工作的重点区域。近些年来,虽然湖北省的血防工作取得了显著成就,但疫情仍时有发生,实现血吸虫病传播阻断的目标还有大量工作要做。由于钉螺是血吸虫病传播的唯一中间环节,灭螺、控螺就成为血防工作最重要、最有效的途径之一。鉴于此,对湖北省近期钉螺的地理分布进行了详细的制图与空间分析,对于确定灭螺、控螺的重点区域具有明显的指示意义。首先收集整理了湖北省血吸虫年报及各县市的查灭螺资料,并利用软件ArcGIS软件将钉螺螺情数据导入数据库,建立湖北省钉螺地理信息基础数据库,绘制了钉螺空间分布图,然后对钉螺分布的空间特征进行了分析。主要结论如下：省内钉螺及钉螺易感地带沿长江中游、汉江两岸以及与两江相通的湖泊洪泛区分布,并呈明显的粗带状;各流行区类型（湖沼垸外亚型、湖沼垸内亚型和山丘型类型）钉螺地理空间分布具有明显的区域差异;江湖洲滩为钉螺主要孳生环境,总体沿两江呈不连续窄带状分布,沟港环境钉螺分布范围广而离散     

Is pork trade good for China's greenhouse gas emissions?

China produces the largest amount of pork in the world, which emits the largest amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs). This paper calculates GHG emissions from China’s hog production at the provincial level using newly published emission factors. Empirical results show that GHG emissions from China’s hog production mainly respond to the scale intensity. Capital abundance and income contribute positively to GHG emissions from hog production. Pork trade increases GHG emissions from China’s hog production with a significantly direct effect, reduces GHG emissions through indirect technique effects.