激活我国环保产业发展的内在机制探讨

党的十八大提出了"美丽中国"的新理念,并把生态文明建设放在突出地位,节能环保受到社会各界的广泛关注。但是,目前我国环保产业还存在诸多的问题,突出表现为环保技术创新不足。文章从激活环保产业发展的内在机制的角度出发,分析了企业家精神、科研队伍建设以及资金投入对环保技术创新的影响,并在此基础上提出了相应的对策建议。     

Emergy evaluation of an integrated livestock wastewater treatment system

Wastewater treatment practices should pay more attention to their environmental performances due to their resources consumption and emissions’ impact. While reclaimed water reuse seems to have become a promising practice, is it always feasible in any condition? To address this issue, this study carried out an extended emergy evaluation of a holistic wastewater treatment system. On one hand, this method was extended to include the emissions’ impact. On the other hand, this study integrated a wastewater treatment plant, its excess sludge disposal system and treated water disposal system into an integrated wastewater treatment system (IWTS), so as to evaluate its performances more completely. And then several indicators, including cost per unit pollutant eliminated (CUPE), ratio of positive output (RPO), environmental load ratio (ELR), and sustainability index (SI), were proposed for evaluating the performances of an IWTS. Two scenarios (scenario A: wastewater treatment + sludge landfilling + treated water discharges; scenario B: wastewater treatment + sludge landfilling + reclaimed water reuse) for a livestock wastewater treatment plant in Sichuan Agricultural University located in Ya’an City in Southwest China, as cases, were researched. The results show that scenario B has lower positive output efficiency and greater environmental load than scenario A. Meanwhile, the reclaimed water reuse raises cost per unit pollutant eliminated compared with the treated water being discharged directly; emissions’ impact enhances the environmental load of the two scenarios to different degree; emissions’ impact has decisive effect on the sustainability of the two scenarios. These results mean that the reclaimed water reuse should not be advocated in this case. This study provides some policy implications: (1) wastewater treatment process should be comprehensively evaluated from its resources consumption and impact of emissions; (2) reclaimed water reuse should be carefully evaluated from its pros and cons simultaneously; (3) the local conditions should be considered when implementing reclaimed water reuse, such as local water body conditions, market demands, the related laws and regulations, corporations’ economic conditions, etc.     

敏感区域目标污染物空间溯源分析

基于SPARROW模型,利用新安江流域2009~2010年60个监测站点的TN浓度数据,以及相关污染源及空间属性数据对流域水质进行模拟分析,结果表明,流域内69%的河段TN模拟浓度可以达到III类及以上水质标准.对跨省界评估断面——街口断面进行TN污染源溯源分析,发现上游各子流域的工业源污染对断面污染总量的贡献比例为7.41%,农业源污染贡献比例为57.52%,生活源污染贡献比例为35.07%,且分别具有不同的空间分布特征,可以考虑使用该方法为以跨界断面污染物浓度控制为目标的相关削减措施的提出提供技术支持.     

Uptake and toxicity of some pesticides on three freshwater fishes (Oreochromis niloticus,Clarias gariepinus and Chrysicthys nigrodigitatus)

Studies were carried out to determine the toxicity of some selected pesticides on fresh water fish in a tropical environment. The uptake of the pesticides lindane, pentachlorophenol (PCP), and propoxur, which are frequently used by farmers and industrialists were studied in concrete ponds at the University of Cape Coast, in Ghana. The fishes used for the study were Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias gariepinus, and Chrysicthys nigrodigitatus, and were obtained from cultured ponds in the Cape Coast District and Mankessim in the Central Region and Weija Dam, in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. Single high lethal concentration (SD) or acute treatment and cumulative/chronic (or multiple minor) lethal concentration (CD) treatment were employed in administering the pesticides to the fishes via water. Gas chromatograph (GC) Electron Capture Detector (ECD) analysis was done on the dead fishes to see the extent of ingestion. The LC₅₀ values obtained for lindane on the three fish samples were as follows: Chrysicthys?–?0.38?mg?L^?1; Oreochromis?–?0.42?mg?L^?1, and Clarias?–?1.2?mg?L^?1. Mortalities occurred in fish within 3–5 days of application. For the PCP on Chrysicthys, Oreochromis, and Clarias species the LC₅₀ values were 0.42, 0.32 and 0.64?mg?L^?1, respectively for over a 2–3 day period. For a three-time influx period of propoxur the LC₅₀ for Chrysicthys, Oreochromis, and Clarias, were 22.0, 30.40, and 45.04 (all in mg?L^?1), respectively. The results obtained indicated that the pesticides had adverse effects on the general growth and reproduction of fishes. Gonadosomatic indices also showed that the pesticides affected the development of the body, the gonads, and their reproduction.     

树脂D001负载纳米Pd/Fe双金属脱溴2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)的研究

采用大孔树脂D001交换吸附Pd2+、Fe2+并在厌氧条件下以硼氢化钠溶液还原吸附的钯铁离子制备成负载纳米Pd/Fe双金属树脂。利用该树脂对2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)进行脱溴反应,探讨了该法的可行性和特性。结果表明:当大孔树脂D001、氯化钯、硫酸亚铁用量分别为0.75 g、2μg和0.2 g时所制备的双金属树脂脱溴水-乙醇溶液中的BDE-47效果最佳,反应遵循准一级动力学,速率常数k约为0.161 d-1,半减期为1.21 d。负载Pd/Fe的D001连续3次脱溴反应都有较好的效果,水-乙醇溶液中超过90%以上的BDE-47在反应6 d后被降解。负载Pd/Fe双金属的树脂可以重复活化再生,但再生2次后其脱溴效率变差,反应6 d只有47.3%的BDE-47被降解。用气相色谱-质谱联用仪和离子色谱仪跟踪Pd/Fe双金属树脂脱溴BDE-47反应,可知产物包括溴离子、三溴联苯醚、二溴联苯醚、一溴联苯醚和联苯醚。     

西安市大气降尘中Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni的化学形态及生物有效性——以燃煤电厂、生活垃圾电厂、产业开发区和建材商业区为例

为了解垃圾焚烧、燃煤发电和相关产业排放对重金属污染水平和生物有效性的影响,利用Tessier提取法和原子吸收光谱仪分析法研究了西安市垃圾发电厂、西郊热电厂、灞生态园、未央工业园、大明宫建材市场和高新区降尘中Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn的化学形态。结果表明:垃圾发电厂Cu(358.3 mg/kg)、Pb(851.3 mg/kg)、Ni(163.5 mg/kg)、Zn(1 226.1 mg/kg)的总量,超过热电厂、生态园、工业园、建材市场和高新区;生活垃圾焚烧、燃煤、石化和机械加工等对降尘中这些元素的贡献超过电子和先进制造业;降尘中Cu、Pb、Zn质量比约是土和道路灰尘平均值的若干倍,表明垃圾焚烧、燃煤和相关产业排放的贡献显著高于表土扬尘、道路扬尘。高新区Cu、Pb的生物有效性系数超过其他区域,表明电子和先进制造业排放的重金属元素具有更大的潜在生态风险。Cu、Pb、Ni(除垃圾焚烧厂外)的生物有效性系数均大于0.2,而Zn的生物有效性系数均小于0.2,说明降尘中Cu、Pb、Ni存在潜在风险,而Zn是安全的。     

千岛湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评价

利用高效液相色谱法对采集于2012年12月的部分千岛湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,千岛湖表层沉积物中共检出属于美国EPA优先控制16种PAHs中的15种,各采样点位PAHs总量的浓度范围在258~906ng/g(干重)之间,平均值为558ng/g,属低污染水平.空间分布特征受周边区域内点源污染和河流输入污染物影响.沉积物中的多环芳烃以高分子量组分为主,通过特征组分比例可确认其主要来源于周边地区煤炭、木材不完全燃烧及车船尾气排放.利用沉积物质量基准法、沉积物质量标准法分别对千岛湖表层沉积物中PAHs的风险评价表明,千岛湖沉积物中不存在严重的多环芳烃生态风险,但部分点位按照质量标准法评价已经超过临界效应浓度值,需加强监测查明污染源,并采取措施控制污染物输入.     

江西德安县地方性氟中毒区生态地球化学研究

江西德安吴山地区地方性氟中毒区域存在高氟的地球化学异常。富氟的岩(矿)石为其原生源,受表生地质作用和人为活动的影响,在土壤、水和生物体中形成了富氟的生态地球化学环境系统。研究发现,该地区氟进入人体主要通过5个途径,其中食物是进入人体最主要途径,食物中的氟元素超标情况严重,其次是通过饮用水进入人体,并根据这些规律提出德安地方性氟中毒病几点防治建议。     

基于BP-ANN-CA的都安喀斯特土地系统演变模拟

综合考虑影响都安喀斯特土地利用变化的社会经济和自然等15个空间变量,耦合元胞自动机与BP神经网络模型,经过数据预处理、人工神经网络、校准模拟和预测等四个步骤模拟了都安县2015年土地利用情景变化。研究表明,都安县2015年灌丛地、有林地草地和居民点用地都有不同程度的增加,坡耕地、裸岩地则有较大幅度的减小,其他用地变化不明显,反映出近年来生态治理措施取得的成效。     

重大突发事件应急管理的新思考——以“4.20”雅安地震为例

为了减少重大突发事件造成的损失,以"4.20"雅安地震为例,分析了重大突发事件具有突发性强、影响范围大且后果严重、救援紧迫性强、参与主体多元化等特点。与汶川地震比较,雅安地震在救灾反应速度、救灾手段和救灾效率3个方面有比较大的进步,但也存在管理混乱、信息混乱、角色混乱等问题。在此基础上,阐述了面对重大突发事件时值得人们思考的问题,为类似事件应急管理提供参考与思路。