三峡库区消落带3种植物淹水后汞的动态变化及其对水体的影响

被淹没的植物是水库甲基汞异常升高的来源之一.为探寻淹水条件下三峡水库消落带植物中汞的动态变化特征及其对水体的影响,通过室内模拟试验,研究淹水条件下稗草、狗牙根、玉米秸秆中汞含量变化及其向水体释汞情况.结果表明,3种植物总汞含量范围为9.21~12.07 ng·g-1,甲基汞占总汞的质量分数约为1%~2%.淹水后,植物总汞含量逐渐降低,其降幅为35.81%~55.96%;而上覆水溶解态汞(DHg)浓度迅速上升,增幅为103.23%~232.15%,说明植物腐烂分解会向水体释放汞.淹水环境为植物体组织内甲基化提供了充裕条件,导致植物残体甲基汞含量升高,为初始含量的3.04~6.63倍,而上覆水溶解态甲基汞(DMe Hg)浓度也显著升高,为初始浓度的14.84~16.05倍.淹水期间,上覆水中DMe Hg与溶解氧(DO)浓度表现为极显著负相关,与可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度存在显著正相关.而在整个淹水过程中,上覆水DHg浓度变化量为植物总汞释放量的41.74%~47.01%,且各植物残体总汞含量与上覆水DHg浓度存在极显著负相关.     

利用紫外-可见吸收光谱估算三峡库区消落带水体、土壤和沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM)浓度

溶解性有机质(DOM)是陆地和水生生态系统的重要物质,有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)是可用光谱测定的DOM组分.基于2012年7月采集的土壤和沉积物样品以及2012年11月采集的水体样品,通过单波长、双波长、吸收光谱斜率(S值)和三波长模型建立CDOM与DOM浓度之间的关系.结果表明,4种模型中三波长模型效果最佳,水体数据模型的决定系数为0.788,土壤数据模型的决定系数为0.933,沉积物模型的决定系数为0.856.同时,利用2013年随机采集的32个土壤样品和36个水体样品对模型精度进行检验,结果表明,土壤DOM浓度的相对均方根误差(RRMSE)和平均相对误差(MRE)分别为16.5%和16.9%,水体分别为10.32%和9.06%,相比土壤DOM而言,三波长模型对水体DOM的预测精度更高.     

Optimal nonpoint source pollution control strategies for a reservoir watershed in Taiwan

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for optimal nonpoint source pollution control for the Fei-Tsui Reservoir watershed in Northern Taiwan. Several structural best management practices (BMPs) are selected to treat stormwater runoff. The complete model consists of two interacting components: an optimization model based on discrete differential dynamic programming (DDDP) and a zero-dimensional reservoir water quality model. A predefined procedure is used to locate suitable sites for construction of various selected BMPs in the watershed. In the optimization model, the objective function is to find the best combination of BMP type and placement, which minimizes the total construction and operation, maintenance, and repair (OMR) costs of the BMPs. The constraints are the water quality standards for total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in the reservoir. A zero-dimensional reservoir water quality model of the Vollenweider type is embedded in the optimization framework to simulate pollutant concentrations in Fei-Tsui Reservoir. The resulting optimal cost and benefit of water quality improvement are depicted by the model-derived trade-off curves. The modeling framework developed in the present study could be used as an efficient tool for planning a watershed-wide implementation of BMPs for mitigating stormwater pollution impact on the receiving water bodies.     

Early Vegetation Development on an Exposed Reservoir: Implications for Dam Removal

The 4-year drawdown of Horsetooth Reservoir, Colorado, for dam maintenance, provides a case study analog of vegetation response on sediment that might be exposed from removal of a tall dam. Early vegetation recovery on the exposed reservoir bottom was a combination of (1) vegetation colonization on bare, moist substrates typical of riparian zones and reservoir sediment of shallow dams and (2) a shift in moisture status from mesic to the xeric conditions associated with the pre-impoundment upland position of most of the drawdown zone. Plant communities changed rapidly during the first four years of exposure, but were still substantially different from the background upland plant community. Predictions from the recruitment box model about the locations of Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera (plains cottonwood) seedlings relative to the water surface were qualitatively confirmed with respect to optimum locations. However, the extreme vertical range of water surface elevations produced cottonwood seed regeneration well outside the predicted limits of drawdown rate and height above late summer stage. The establishment and survival of cottonwood at high elevations and the differences between the upland plant community and the community that had developed after four years of exposure suggest that vegetation recovery following tall dam removal will follow a trajectory very different from a simple reversal of the response to dam construction, involving not only long time scales of establishment and growth of upland vegetation, but also possibly decades of persistence of legacy vegetation established during the reservoir to upland transition.     

三峡库区生态经济复合产业带的构建研究

由于自然尤其是人为因素的影响 ,三峡库区生态环境遭受严重破坏 ,农民增收缺少支撑 ,加上三峡工程的修建 ,淹没了大批肥田沃土 ,更加激化了人地矛盾 ,导致该地区生态环境恶化、生态承载容量减少、经济贫困化恶性循环 ,最终致使生态环境保护和经济发展严重对立。要从根本上解决库区生态环境与经济的协调发展问题 ,关键在于发展生态经济。从三峡库区以山地、丘陵为主的地形特征及其分布特点和气候、土壤条件以及资源特色出发 ,根据生态学、生态经济学的基本原理要求 ,提出了建立由水域生态经济产业带、沿江经济支撑产业带、腹地生态农业带、高山垂直绿色产业带构成的生态经济复合产业带的构想 ,其中每个产业带又由若干关联性强的产业有机复合而成。还提出了发展三峡库区生态经济的具体政策建议和措施。     

The effects of sport fishing growth on behavior of commercial fishermen in Balbina reservoir, Amazon, Brazil

An important alternative for sustainable use of tucunaré stocks and improvement in fishermen welfare in Balbina reservoir, Central Amazon, would be to train commercial fisherman to also become tourist guides for sport fishing. In this study, we modeled fishermen response to this question, in order to evaluate the acceptance of such an idea. Thus, we surveyed 47 fishermen, who currently comprise approximately 75% of the total fishermen population. This survey was implemented during December of 2001 and January of 2002. We used a probity analysis to run two models. The first model includes the variables: family size, school level, fishing time, residence time and boat ownership. On the other hand, the second model includes the number of children under and above eight years old but not the family size. Both models are significant and the most relevant variables are: fishing time (years of participation of fisherman is in the activity) and residence time (length of residency of particular fishermen live at the village nearby the reservoir).     

黑龙滩水库水体生态系统酶活力及其生态学意义研究

本文黑龙滩水库水体生态系统中脲酶与磷酸酶活力及其与多种水质参数之间的关系进行了研究，结果表明：（１）酶活力与水质，水温变化呈出现一致的动态变化规律。（２）黑龙滩水库水体中脲酶来源与水生生物关系不大，而磷酸酶主要来自浮游植物和水生细菌。（３）水体中脲酶活力受水中总氮浓度瓣影响，而磷酸酶活力不受水中磷酸盐的抑制。     

三峡库区扩种龙眼荔枝的适宜性分析

荔枝与龙眼系亚热带水果,集中分布于闽粤两省,三峡库区上段河谷两侧也有零星分布,是该类水果分布的最北界。这类水果在训区栽培始于汉唐时代,并被列为贡品荔枝与龙眼系喜温性水果,库区栽培间冻害发生,成为限制扩大栽培的主要因素,故多分布于万县－重庆江段两海拔２００ｍ上下地段,水库蓄水后,原栽培区部分被淹没,但水体有增温作用,为扩大栽培提供了有利的条件。研究了万县－重庆沿江两岸河谷地段与非河谷地段适宜载种范围     

A STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR THE OPTIMUM OPERATION OF A MULTI-PURPOSE RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT: The main objective of this paper is to present a stockastic dynamic programming model useful in determining the optimal operating policy of a single multipurpose surface reservoir. It is the unreliability of forecasting the amount of future streamflow which makes the problem of a reservoir operation a stochastic process. In this paper the stochastic nature of the streamflow is taken into account by considering the correlation between the streamflows of each pair of consecutive time intervals. This interdependence is used to calculate the probability of transition from a given state and stage to its succeeding ones. A dynamic programming model with a physical equation and a stochastic recursive equation is developed to find the optimum operational policy. For illustrative purposes, the model is applied to a real surface water reservoir system.     

三峡库区中小城镇城市降雨径流污染特征及现状研究

本研究采用从微观到宏观，在库区沿岸城镇诸多相关因素相似前提下，选择涪陵市为典型试验区；从水文因素，街道地表物累积冲刷规律研究着手，建立累积、冲刷计算模式，计算出涪陵市年降雨径流污染负荷和库区污染荷载因子，同时选择具有代表性的集水闭合小区进行水质、水量同步观测试验进行验证；确定外推因子，计算三峡库区城市降雨径流年冲刷入长江的总固体，ＳＳ，ＢＯＤ５，ＣＯＤ，Ｔ－Ｎ，Ｔ－Ｐ３量分别为５３９６８吨，３８０