太湖和呼伦湖沉积物对磷的吸附特征及影响因素

为了探索我国南北方湖泊沉积物对磷吸附特征的差异性,选取太湖和呼伦湖为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,研究我国南北方典型代表湖泊沉积物对磷的吸附特征及其影响因素.结果表明:①太湖和呼伦湖沉积物对磷的最大吸附量分别为1 428.57 mg·kg-1和56.81 mg·kg-1,前者对磷吸附容量远远高于后者,对上覆水体中磷削减发挥更重要的作用;②与呼伦湖相比,太湖沉积物颗粒直径更小,比表面积更大,其对磷吸附能力更强;③两个湖泊沉积物磷吸附平衡时对磷的吸附量与Al、Fe、Mn总含量呈正相关关系(P<0.05),与活性Al、Fe、Si、Mn呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与Si元素含量呈显著负相关(P<0.01),故Al、Fe、Mn总含量相对较高、Si含量相对较低的太湖沉积物对磷的吸附能力更强;④随着上覆水pH值的上升,两个湖泊沉积物对磷吸附能力均呈现下降的趋势,且pH上升对太湖沉积物磷吸附行为影响更大,因此,沉积物特性和上覆水pH值影响湖泊水体磷行为.     

发展草原休闲旅游保护草原生态环境

发展草原休闲旅游,可以在减少草原的牲畜饲养量的同时,保证和增加牧民的收入,从而减少过度放牧对草原的破坏,防止草原退化,保护草原生态环境。     

Measuring eddy covariance fluxes of ozone with a slow-response analyser

Ozone (O₃) fluxes above a temperate mountain grassland were measured by means of the eddy covariance (EC) method using a slow-response O₃ analyser. The resultant flux loss was corrected for by a series of transfer functions which model the various sources of high- and, in particular, low-pass filtering. The resulting correction factors varied on average between 1.7 and 3.5 during night and daytime, respectively. A cospectral analysis confirmed the accuracy of this approach. O₃ fluxes were characterised by a comparatively large random uncertainty, which during daytime typically amounted to 60%. EC O₃ fluxes were compared against O₃ flux measurements made concurrently with the flux-gradient (FG) method. The two methods generally agreed well, except for a period between sunrise and early afternoon, when the FG method was suspected of being affected by the presence of photochemical sources/sinks. O₃ flux magnitudes and deposition velocities determined with the EC method compared nicely with the available literature from grassland studies. We conclude that our understanding of the causes and consequences of various sources of flux loss (associated with any EC system) has sufficiently matured so that also less-than-ideal instrumentation may be used in EC flux applications, albeit at the cost of relatively large empirical corrections.     

Respective influence of habitat conditions and management regimes on prealpine calcareous grasslands

The calcareous grasslands of the south-western French Alps have been poorly studied, although they provide suitable habitat for rare plant species and communities. The separate and combined effects on calcareous grassland communities of habitat conditions (lithology, soil moisture) and management regimes (grazing intensity, cutting regime) were studied using constrained ordination techniques (canonical correspondence analysis with variance partitioning). Among the explanatory variables considered, the most important factor determining floristic composition was lithology, which explained 11.9% of floristic variability, followed by grazing intensity (6.0%). Additive effects of management and lithology explained 23.9% of floristic variability. Species niche amplitude was measured by conditional variances of samples along main ordination axes, in order to define adequate conservation management for the rarest short-lived species with narrow niche breadth on both habitat and management gradients.     

Carbon balance of an intensively grazed temperate pasture in two climatically contrasting years

Grazed grasslands occupy 26% of the earth's ice free land surface and are therefore an important component of the global C balance. In New Zealand, pastoral agriculture is the dominant land use and recent research has shown that soils under intensive dairy pastures have lost large amounts of carbon (∼1000 kg C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) during the past few decades. The objective of this research was to determine the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) of an intensively grazed dairy pasture in New Zealand. Net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) was measured using an eddy covariance (EC) system from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2009. Other C imports (feed) and exports (milk, methane, leaching, and harvested biomass) were calculated from farm production data and literature values. During 2008 there was a one in 100 year drought during summer/autumn, which was followed by a very wet winter. There were no prolonged periods of above or below average rainfall or soil moisture in 2009, but temperatures were consistently lower than 2008. The severe summer/autumn drought during 2008 caused a loss of CO₂ to the atmosphere, but annual NEE remained negative (a CO₂ sink, −1610 ± 500 kg C ha⁻¹), because CO₂ lost during the drought was regained during the winter and spring. The site was also a net CO₂ sink during 2009 despite the colder than usual conditions (−2290 ± 500 kg C ha⁻¹). Including C imports and exports in addition to CO₂ exchange revealed that the site was a C sink in both years, with a NECB of 590 ± 560 kg C ha⁻¹ in 2008, and 900 ± 560 kg C ha⁻¹ in 2009. The C sequestration found in this study is in agreement with most other Northern Hemisphere EC studies of grazed pastures on mineral soils, but is not consistent with the large C losses reported for soils under dairy pastures throughout New Zealand. In the current study (like many other EC studies) the influence of climatic conditions and management practices on the annual C balance was only semi-quantitatively assessed. An extended period of EC measurements combined with modelling is required to more accurately quantify the effect of different climatic conditions on the annual C balance, and the influence of different management practices needs to be quantified using specifically designed studies (such as paired EC towers), so that practices which minimise C losses and maximise C sequestration can be identified.     

Which regional features of Danish agriculture favour the corn bunting in the contemporary farming landscape?

Corn buntings Miliaria calandra were abundant throughout arable agricultural landscapes in Europe, but have catastrophically declined since the mid 1970s with changes in farming practice and now give serious conservation cause for concern. Corn buntings declined in Denmark during 1976–1993, but (almost unique in Europe) have since increased (by up to 11% per annum) in some areas without specific conservation recovery actions. Based on breeding bird surveys in the mid 1990s, highest corn bunting densities occurred on mixed agriculture in west Denmark (Jylland); the species was rarer or absent in regions of highest arable land cover. Corn bunting density and extent of rotational and permanent grassland were correlated, but not with spring sown barley (all known to constitute important corn bunting winter habitat). The extent of spring barley rapidly declined in Denmark during the 1980s, but since 1990, most counties have since shown 2–3% annual increases in this crop, except in Nordjylland, where high densities of corn buntings have remained stable. Elsewhere in Jylland, corn buntings have increased in counties supporting highest densities during the mid 1990s, contrasting stable or declining trends in south and east Denmark where densities were originally lower. After dramatic decreases everywhere in Denmark, corn buntings retain highest breeding densities associated with mixed agriculture, especially where grassland and spring sown barley remained in greatest extent. Although purely based on land use correlation and bird surveillance, these results show an association between mixed farming and favourable conservation status of a species now red-listed throughout much of Europe. Further investigations of habitat use at small spatial scales and throughout the annual cycle are urgently required to better enlighten specific recommendations for wider applicability of guidelines for corn bunting recovery actions elsewhere.     

草原生态补偿:减畜和补偿的对等关系

中国草原生态补偿是通过补助和奖励的政策手段达到减畜和草畜平衡的政策目标,最终使牧民收入不减少的条件下草原退化得到减缓。论文首先从理论上提出一个分析草原生态补偿减畜和补偿对等关系的框架,然后以内蒙古四子王旗查干补力格苏木为例,对草原生态补偿减畜和补偿的对等关系进行了实证分析。实证分析结果表明:因为超载情况存在空间异质性和牧户差异性,实际的超载率较统计的超载率被低估了。补偿在区域总量上是不足够的,维持区域总量补偿足够的草畜平衡奖励标准应为28.5元/hm2。减畜和补偿存在严重的不对等关系,47.9%的资金给了那些不需要减畜的牧户,减畜比例0%;5.5%的资金给了那些需要减畜也愿意减畜的牧户,减畜比例1.2%;46.6%的资金给了那些需要减畜但只愿意部分减畜的牧户,减畜比例98.8%。预期能够实现的减畜比例仅为8.3%,由于牧户超载程度存在显著的差异,预期能够实现的减畜比例对草畜平衡奖励标准和每羊单位损失均不敏感。为了达到草原生态保护的目的,保障减畜的有效达成,应该将超载程度纳入草畜平衡奖励的政策设计中。中小牧户是草原超载的主体,"将超载程度纳入草畜平衡奖励的政策设计"的真正含义是"将草畜平衡奖励向中小牧户做出适当倾斜"。"超越"草畜平衡奖励,减少中小牧户的数量,扩大牧户的草场经营规模,促进牧区牧户的适度规模经营才是实现草原可持续发展的出路所在。     

呼伦湖水体悬浮颗粒物中有机质的赋存特征及来源解析

SPOM（suspended particulate organic matter,悬浮颗粒物中的有机质）是地表水体中有机质的重要组分之一,在全球碳循环和水体富营养化过程中发挥着重要作用.采用连续提取法、δ13C（碳稳定同位素）、三维荧光光谱和平行因子分析技术对呼伦湖夏季SPOM的含量、组分、荧光特性、污染来源及生物有效性进行系统研究.结果表明:①SPOM（以碳质量计）在14.4~31.5 g/kg之间,其中HM（提取残渣）为SPOM的主要组分,占SPOM总量的61.2%.②SPOM中WEOM（水提态有机质）含有类富里酸组分（C1）、类腐殖酸组分（C2）和类色氨酸组分（C3）3个荧光组分,类腐殖质组分（C1+C2）和类蛋白质组分（C3）对总荧光强度的贡献分别为70.4%和29.6%.③SPOM的C/N〔总有机碳（TOC）浓度与总氮（TN）浓度的比值〕和δ13C的值分别在7.53~15.2和-27.2‰~-26.1‰之间.利用C/N和δ13C端元混合模型计算陆源对SPOM的平均贡献率分别为67.2%和68.9%,结果相近.④WEOM的HIX值在4.09~7.40之间,腐殖化程度较高,生物可利用性较差.研究显示,呼伦湖中SPOM以难降解的腐殖质组分为主,腐殖化程度较强,生物可利用性较低,但随着温度升高,预估自生源SPOM的贡献将增大,可能导致其生物可利用性升高,需引起足够的重视.      

呼伦贝尔草原植被覆盖度估算的光谱模型

采用美国ASD公司Fieldspec3光谱仪和日本富士数码相机,于2009年7~8月在内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原区进行了植物高光谱和植被覆盖度测定,并运用回归分析方法,建立实测归一化植被指数(ASD NDVI)和植被覆盖度之间的地面光谱模型,分析MODIS/TERRA卫星的NDVI(MODIS NDVI)与ASD NDVI的关系,建立预测植被覆盖度的MODIS光谱模型,并对模型进行精度检验.结果表明所建的MODIS光谱模型是线性函数,该模型预测精度高于亚像元分解模型,标准误差为11.58%,平均预测精度达到88.75%.     

多方法研究呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质的赋存特征及来源

湖泊沉积物有机质是全球碳循环的重要组成部分之一.寒旱区湖泊由于地理位置和气候条件的特殊性,其沉积物有机质的赋存和迁移转化特征更容易受到气候变化的影响.以我国寒旱区典型代表湖泊——呼伦湖为例,采用连续提取法、C/N（碳氮比值）、δ13C（碳稳定同位素）、三维荧光光谱技术对呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质的含量和组分的时空分布特征、污染来源及稳定性进行了研究.结果表明:①2018年10月（秋季）、2019年3月（冬季）、2019年5月（春季）、2019年7月（夏季）,呼伦湖表层沉积物中w（TOC）的平均值分别为（25.05±9.73）（26.92±11.60）（24.68±10.19）（24.36±10.01）g/kg,呈冬季高、夏季低,由西北部向东南部递减的时空分布趋势.②w（WEOM）（WEOM为水提态有机质）、w（FA）（FA为富里酸）、w（HA）（HA为胡敏酸）和w（HM）（HM为胡敏素）的年均值分别为（0.63±0.33）（2.31±1.26）（3.42±1.49）（19.21±7.83）g/kg,w（WEOM）:w（FA）:w（HA）:w（HM）为1.0:3.7:5.5:30.7,其中HM为有机质的优势组分.③WEOM包括类富里酸组分C1,类腐殖酸组分C2和C3,以及类色氨酸组分C4共4个荧光组分,其中,类腐殖质组分（C1+C2+C3）贡献了总荧光强度的79.2%,为优势荧光组分.④沉积物有机质主要来自于陆源,陆源有机质的平均贡献率在80%左右.⑤沉积物PQ值（胡敏酸占腐殖酸的比例）和WEOM的HIX（腐殖化指数）年均值分别为0.55和6.39,表明现阶段呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质腐殖化程度较高且相对稳定.研究显示:呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质含量较高,表现出季节和空间分布差异性;有机质主要来自陆源,以类腐殖质为主,具有腐殖化程度高和相对稳定的特点.