改善深圳河水质的补水方案及生态影响初步分析

深圳河旱季天然径流量小而污染负荷高,为了改善河流水质,在削减入河污染物的同时有必要采取补水措施。利用水质模型,计算了不同污水处理率下,分别以污水资源化再生水、珠江口海水和大鹏湾海水为补水水源时,深圳河达到基本不黑臭所需的补水量。讨论了补水方案对河流水质、盐度、水动力条件的改变及其对生态系统的影响。研究表明,引海水对河流生态系统的冲击不容忽视。而污水资源化是较优的补水方案。     

二次电池电极材料环境影响计算系统

以生命周期评价理论为基础,建立了电极材料电化学性能与环境影响的内在量化关联关系分析方法。基于Java语言,设计和编写了二次电池电极材料环境影响综合计算系统,协调考虑了二次电池的循环特性、电化学特征等,实现了环境影响评价过程中对材料质量需求的便捷计算,进而实现了整个评价操作过程的综合化、软件化和信息化,提高了评价效率。选用LiFePO_4/C,LiFe_(0.98)Ti_(0.02)PO_4/C,LiFe_(0.98)Mn_(0.02)PO_4/C和FeF_3(H_2O)_3/C 4种正极材料基于此系统进行了实例应用。     

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and China’s implementation

The concept of sustainable development has experienced great development and change at different levels of theoretical connotation and practical implementation since 1960s and 1970s when it was first proposed. People’s understanding of the relationship between economy, society, and environment has been continuously deepened over the years. When it came to the end of 2015, it is necessary to examine the results of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals on sustainable development, and at the same time, the post-2015 framework and guidance on sustainable development at the global level were to be made, including the ideas, action plans, key areas that would guide the global sustainable development. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has developed a 5P theoretical framework of being people-centered, global environmental security, sustained economic prosperity, social justice and harmony and partnership promotion, including a political declaration, 17 overarching goals and 169 specific targets, specific ways of implementation, as well as the follow-up. It is the road map to achieve global sustainable development and meet the requirements of the millennium development goals. This paper summarizes the understanding of the concept of sustainable development from its origin, its significant development, to the proposition and development of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and its strategic impact on China.     

汽车制造项目环境影响评价技术要点分析

本文在实际开展汽车制造项目环境影响评价的基础上,对汽车制造项目生产工艺及产污环节进行梳理,重点对废气、废水、固废、噪声源强核算过程和方法进行解析,对污染防治措施论证内容进行探讨,同时从清洁生产水平分析、政策相符性分析等方面的技术要点进行总结整理,梳理了目前汽车制造项目环评文件编制的要点核心,指出汽车整车制造项目环境影响评价中应关注的重点问题,主要在于挥发性有机废气源强和含氮、磷及重金属废水源强核算、物料平衡等,为下阶段汽车制造项目建设和环境管理提供参考。     

Combined effects of human pressures on Europe’s marine ecosystems

Marine ecosystems are under high demand for human use, giving concerns about how pressures from human activities may affect their structure, function, and status. In Europe, recent developments in mapping of marine habitats and human activities now enable a coherent spatial evaluation of potential combined effects of human activities. Results indicate that combined effects from multiple human pressures are spread to 96% of the European marine area, and more specifically that combined effects from physical disturbance are spread to 86% of the coastal area and 46% of the shelf area. We compare our approach with corresponding assessments at other spatial scales and validate our results with European-scale status assessments for coastal waters. Uncertainties and development points are identified. Still, the results suggest that Europe’s seas are widely disturbed, indicating potential discrepancy between ambitions for Blue Growth and the objective of achieving good environmental status within the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.Supplementary informationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01482-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Determination of Q1, an unknown organochlorine contaminant, in human milk, Antarctic air, and further environmental samples

Q1, an organochlorine component with the molecular formula C(9)H(3)Cl(7)N(2) and of unknown origin was recently identified in seal blubber samples from the Namibian coast (southwest of Africa) and the Antarctic. In these samples, Q1 was more abundant than PCBs and on the level of DDT residues. Furthermore, Q1 was more abundant in seals from the Antarctic than the Arctic. To prove this assumption, gas chromatography-electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS), which is sensitive and selective for Q1, allowed for screening of traces of Q1 even in samples with particularly high levels of other organochlorine contaminants. Q1 was isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) from a skua liver sample. A 1:1 mixture with trans-nonachlor in electron-capture detectors (ECDs) was used to determine the relative response factor with ECNI-MS. The ECNI-MS response of Q1 turned out to be 4.5 times higher than that of trans-nonachlor in an ECD. With GC/ECNI-MS in the selected ion-monitoring mode, four Antarctic and four Arctic air samples were investigated for the presence of Q1. In the Antarctic air samples, Q1 levels ranged from 0.7 to 0.9 fg/m(3). In Arctic air samples, however, Q1 was below the detection limit (<0.06 fg/m(3) or 60 ag/m(3)). We also report on high Q1 levels in selected human milk samples (12-230 microg/kg lipid) and, therefore, suggested that the unknown Q1 is an environmental compound whose origin and distribution should be investigated in detail. Our data confirm that Q1 is a bioaccumulative natural organochlorine product. Detection of a highly chlorinated natural organochlorine compound in air and human milk is novel.     

污水厂生物处理单元工艺状态下曝气性能测定与评价

以上海竹园第二污水处理厂2号生物好氧处理单元为研究对象,采用工艺状态曝气充氧性能测定仪对曝气器性能进行现场测定,通过核算氧利用率、曝气均匀性指数、曝气效率综合影响因子等指标,评价该厂曝气器日常运行状态,分析曝气系统在控制上的不足,并针对性地提出优化方案。结果表明,工艺状态下曝气器氧利用率与清水条件下相比下降19.22%~23.78%,曝气均匀性指数在0.80~1.34的范围内,曝气效率综合影响因子偏低,充分表明2号生物好氧处理单元部分曝气器存在污染或老化的问题。该厂的曝气系统具有较大的优化潜力,性能评价结果可以为曝气器科学管理维护及水厂的运行优化提供指导。     

基于降水等级分异方法的低影响开发小区雨水径流污染负荷削减率的评估

为定量评估低影响开发(LID)技术对雨水径流污染负荷的削减率,选取嘉兴市柳岸禾丰小区作为LID小区,与其临近且下垫面类型相似的浅水湾小区作为传统小区,同步监测小区的外排水量和TP浓度,根据降水等级分异计算2个小区同等降水情景下单位面积污染负荷量,再以传统小区的单位面积污染负荷量为基准核算LID小区的雨水径流污染负荷削减率。结果表明：小雨时,LID设施可消纳其服务范围内的所有径流及所携带的污染物,污染负荷削减率达100%;当降水量增至超过LID设施功能阈值时,污染物削减率开始降低,中雨时降至67%,大雨时降至46%,年均雨水径流污染负荷削减率约为66%。整体来看,LID设施雨水径流污染负荷削减率表现出明显的降水等级差异。采用降水等级分异的方法能够减少降水等级所造成的误差,确保评估结果的精准程度,为小区LID设施建设提供可靠的决策依据。

     

我国环境影响评价制度实践与展望—环评法20周年回顾

环境影响评价（简称环评）制度具有从源头防止环境污染和生态破坏的重要作用,是环境保护参与综合决策的重要途径。2003年《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》（简称环评法）的实施确立了环评这一环境管理制度的法律地位,是我国环评制度发展的里程碑。在环评法实施的20年间,从项目环评到规划环评,再到大区域战略环评与政策环评,我国环评制度实现了飞跃性发展。基于环评制度的研究与实践进展识别现存不足,可为我国下阶段环评制度发展提供参考。本文首先回顾环评制度体系发展,其次基于文献计量与可视化分析的方法,对环评法实施20年来我国环评制度研究进展进行总结与热点分析,结合分析结果梳理总结我国环评制度实践进展。建议未来从深入环评与排污许可制度衔接、加强事中事后监管、提高规划环评地位、加强政策环评发展和提高公众参与有效性等方面,进一步提高我国环评制度实施的有效性,助力我国生态环境质量持续改善和经济高质量发展。

     

关于完善规划环境影响跟踪评价制度的思考

规划环境影响跟踪评价制度是规划环评制度的重要组成部分,完善跟踪评价制度对健全以环境影响评价制度为主体的预防体系具有重要意义。在分析我国规划环境影响跟踪评价制度与实践进展的基础上,系统梳理了现行制度存在的启动情形不明、程序亟待规范、约束力不足等问题,并从按照审查意见要求启动跟踪评价、保障生态环境部门知情权与建议权、强化违反跟踪评价义务的法律后果等方面提出对策建议,为《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》的修订完善提供参考。