Designing tools to track health and well-being in mining regions of India

The objective of this article is to illustrate the use of a framework to design a set of tools to assess progress towards improved well-being in a mining region. The framework uses an ecosystem approach to assess human well-being and is sensitive to the needs, concerns, and interests of at least the major stakeholders: government, company and community. The framework seeks to be useful to stakeholders and to be of policy relevance. The article presents the proposed framework with illustrations from a case study in Goa, India. Mining in Goa has had both positive and negative impacts on the well-being of local people. These impacts vary depending on the age of mining. In areas where mining is well established and active, the economic impacts are more positive. The social and environmental impacts are more negative in the regions where mining is new or is closing down. These characteristics generate their own set of issues of concern to stakeholders. Based on these issues, three types of tools to assess current well-being and progress towards improved well-being are suggested: (i) Indicators based on identified issues using the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework; (ii) A quality of life instrument, which can be developed either as an aggregate measure of well-being or in a more limited way to capture the satisfaction of the community with their living conditions; (iii) A regional income accounting framework to assess whether the mining region is able to continue functioning into the indefinite future without being forced into a decline through the degradation of its key natural, social, and human assets and resources. The article suggests that if these tools are used regularly, an information system will emerge that will, over time, provide markers of what mining is doing to the region and to the local communities.     

水稻叶片质膜H~+-ATPase对酸雨胁迫的适应机制

采用水培法研究酸雨胁迫对水稻叶片质膜H+-ATPase活性的影响,结果表明,高强度酸雨(pH 2.5和pH 3.0组)胁迫下,pH 2.5组质膜H+-ATPase活性显著受抑,胞内pH降低,POD活性受抑,pH3.0组质膜H+-ATPase活性上升,胞内pH降低,POD活性升高,质膜透性和MDA含量均增加,Fv/Fm和叶鲜重降低;低强度酸雨(3.0相似文献   

低温等离子体技术在环境工程中的研究进展

低温等离子体技术是一种用来处理环境污染问题的高新技术。介绍了低温等离子体的概念和去除污染物的机理,阐述了该技术在国内外环境工程中的应用现状,分析其存在的问题,并指出今后的发展方向。     

等离子体发生区工作时发射特定光谱的研究

介绍了2种不同等离子体发生区和不同测量距离对等离子体发生区沿面蓝光中紫外光的波长和相对光强的影响,所测的臭氧发生量大的等离子体发生区的紫外光的相对光强高,测量距离与相对光强呈指数关系,并且等离子体发生区沿面蓝光具有光催化作用。     

微波消解ICP—OES法同时测定总悬浮颗粒物中多种重金属

采用微波消解前处理与电感耦合等离子光谱联用技术,初步建立了一套大气总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）中重金属元素的检测方法。研究了不同的滤膜材料、消解方式、波长选择等对分析方法的影响。用所建立的方法测定长沙市火车站采集的大气总悬浮颗粒物中的重金属As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Zn的含量,检测结果令人满意。最低检出浓度为0．0001～0．005μg／m2,相对标准偏差为0．9％～11．4％,加标回收率为90．9％～106．7％。     

Numerical analysis of keyhole geometry and temperature profiles in plasma arc welding

In keyhole plasma arc welding (PAW), the formation of the keyhole involves complicated thermo-physical mechanism. The shape and dimensions of the keyhole directly determine the heat deposition along the thickness direction of the test plates, the penetration depth and the weld bead quality. Based on analysis of the forces acting on the weld pool, a keyhole model is established according to the force-balance condition on the keyhole wall. The shape and dimensions of quasi-steady state keyhole are numerically predicted. The keyhole shape and size are used to calibrate some distribution parameters of the combined volumetric heat source which takes into consideration the geometrical feature of welds with larger ratio of penetration depth to width and volumetric distribution characteristic of the plasma heat intensity along the plate thickness direction. The temperature fields on stainless steel plates are numerically simulated. The calculated fusion line at the transverse cross-section of PAW welds are compared with the experimental measurements. It is found that the predicted results are in agreement with the experimental data.     

Usage,definition, and measurement of coexistence,tolerance and acceptance in wildlife conservation research in Africa

The terms ‘coexistence’, ‘tolerance,’ and ‘acceptance’ appear frequently in conservation literature, but lack consistent characterization, making them difficult to apply across intervention frameworks. This review aims to describe the common characterizations of these three terms using Africa-based research as a case study. Through systematic lexical searches, we identified 392 papers containing one or more of the three terms. We assessed their usage, definition, and measurement (or lack thereof) in wildlife conservation. Coexistence was used in 46% of papers, but was defined in only 2% and measured in 4%. Tolerance and acceptance were used in 63% and 61% of the papers in which they appeared, respectively, defined in 4% and 2%, and measured in 19% and 5%. These results confirm the lack of clear understanding of these concepts and evidence the need for a precise lexicon. This would allow conservationists to cohesively describe their work and increase replicability of research across contexts.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01352-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Strictly protected areas are not necessarily more effective than areas in which multiple human uses are permitted

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies protected areas into six categories, ranging from strict nature reserves to areas where multiple human uses are permitted. In the past, many researchers have questioned the effectiveness of multiple-use areas, fueling an unresolved debate regarding their conservation value. The literature so far has been inconclusive: although several studies have found that strictly protected areas are more effective, others have found the opposite, and yet others that the two types do not differ. To help resolve this debate, we reviewed the literature on protected areas and conducted our own analysis using > 19 000 terrestrial protected areas worldwide. We found that the differences between strictly protected areas and areas in which multiple human uses are permitted are often small and not statistically significant. Although the effectiveness of protected areas worldwide varies, other factors, besides their assigned IUCN category, are likely to be driving this pattern.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01426-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

钴酸镧基钙钛矿耦合非热等离子体催化转化CO2的实验研究

CO₂的减排与利用是实现碳达峰和碳中和目标的重要途径.本文通过溶胶凝胶法将Sr和Zr掺入钙钛矿型LaCoO₃结构中,合成了一系列钙钛矿催化剂,包括LaCoO₃、La_0.9Sr_0.1CoO_3-σ、La_0.9Sr_0.1Co_0.9Zr_0.1O_3+σ和La_0.9Sr_0.1Co_0.9Zr_0.1O₃,并考察了非热等离子体催化还原CO₂为CO和CH₄的性能.同时在A位掺杂Sr和B位掺杂Zr的催化剂(La_0.9Sr_0.1Co_0.9Zr_0.1O₃)反应活性最高,其CO₂转化率为28.7...     

Nitrated and parent PAHs in the surface water of Lake Taihu, China: Occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and thus have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, the occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment of 15 NPAHs and 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from 20 sampling sites of Lake Taihu during the dry, normal, and flood seasons of 2018. The ΣPAH concentrations ranged from 255 to 7298 ng/L and the ΣNPAH concentrations ranged from not-detected (ND) to 212 ng/L. Among the target analytes, 2-nitrofluorene (2-nFlu) was the predominant NPAH, with a detection frequency ranging from 85% to 90% and a maximum concentration of 56.2 ng/L. The three-ringed and four-ringed NPAHs and PAHs comprised the majority of the detected compounds. In terms of seasonal variation, the highest levels of the ΣNPAHs and ΣPAHs were in the dry season and flood season, respectively. Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the prime source of NPAHs was direct combustion, whereas in the case of PAHs the contribution was predominantly from a mixed pattern including pollution from unburned petroleum and petroleum combustion. The human health risk of NPAHs and PAHs was evaluated using a lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk level of the targets ranged from 2.09 × 10^?7 to 5.75 × 10^?5 and some surface water samples posed a potential health risk.