On the operator action analysis to reduce operational risk in research reactors

Human errors during operation and the resulting increase in operational risk are major concerns for nuclear reactors, just as they are for all industries. Additionally, human reliability analysis together with probabilistic risk analysis is a key element in reducing operational risk. The purpose of this paper is to analyze human reliability using appropriate methods for the probabilistic representation and calculation of human error to be used alongside probabilistic risk analysis in order to reduce the operational risk of the reactor operation. We present a technique for human error rate prediction and standardized plant analysis risk. Human reliability methods have been utilized to quantify different categories of human errors, which have been applied extensively to nuclear power plants. The Tehran research reactor is selected here as a case study, and after consultation with reactor operators and engineers human errors have been identified and adequate performance shaping factors assigned in order to calculate accurate probabilities of human failure.     

PPCPs in a drinking water treatment plant in the Yangtze River Delta of China: Occurrence,removal and risk assessment

• 39 PPCPs were investigated at a DWTP using the Yangtze River as its water source. • Grab and continuous sampling were conducted for the comparison of data consistency. • Ketoprofen & carbamazepine can be risk management indicators because of the high RQ. The occurrence and removal of 39 targeted pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from source water, through a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) to the water supply station, were investigated around the central part of Yangtze River Delta in China using both grab sampling and continuous sampling. Totally 24 of the 39 targeted PPCPs were detected in raw water, and 12 PPCPs were detected in the finished water. The highest observed concentration was enrofloxacin (85.623 ng/L) in raw water. Removal efficiencies were remarkably negative correlated with log K_ow (r = -0.777, p<0.01) after calibration control of concentration, indicating that more soluble PPCPs are easier to remove by the combined process (prechlorination and flocculation/precipitation), the concentration level also had a great impact on the removal efficiency. The normal process in the pilot DWTP seems to be ineffective for PPCPs control, with the limited removal efficiency of less than 30% for each step: pre-chlorination, flocculation and precipitation, post-chlorination and filter. There were notable differences between the data from continuous sampling and grab sampling, which should be considered for different monitoring purposes. The chlorination and the hydrolytic decomposition of PPCPs in the water supply pipe may attenuate PPCPs concentration in the pipeline network. The PPCPs examined in the effluent of DWTP do not impose a potential health risk to the local consumers due to their RQ value lower than 0.00067.     

夏季红碱淖水化学特征及影响因素分析

以陕北红碱淖为研究对象,2020年6月对其湖泊水体选取9个采样点采样,分析阴阳离子的空间分布,并利用Piper三线图及离子比例关系分析离子来源及影响因素,探讨红碱淖水化学特征及其影响因素。结果表明：红碱淖水体阳离子测定值为Na+＞Mg2+ ＞Ca2+ ＞K+,阴离子测定值为HCO-3＞Cl-＞SO42-,水化学类型现状为HCO3·Cl-Na型,水化学特征主要受碳酸盐岩和蒸发盐岩共同作用。红碱淖主要受岩石风化溶解作用控制,人类活动对水化学特征也有一定的影响。     

Submerged arc plasma system combined with ozone oxidation for the treatment of wastewater containing non-degradable organic compounds

• Submerged arc plasma was introduced in terms of wastewater treatment. • Ozone oxidation was coupled with submerged arc plasma system. • Ozone was converted into O and O₂ by submerged arc plasma. • Decomposition rate was accelerated by submerged arc plasma. • Introduction of ozone led to significant increase in mineralization. Submerged arc plasma technology was assessed for the removal of phenols from wastewater. The OH radicals generated from the boundary between the plasma and waste solution were considered as a significant factor on the degradation reaction. In this study, the effects of highly energetic electrons released from the submerged arc plasma were mainly studied. The highly energetic electrons directly broke the strong chemical bond and locally increased the reaction temperatures in solution. The effects of the submerged-arc plasma on the decomposition of phenol are discussed in terms of the input energy and initial concentration. The single use of submerged arc plasma easily decomposed the phenol but did not increase the mineralization efficiency. Therefore, the submerged arc plasma, coupled with the ozone injection, was investigated. The submerged arc plasma combined with ozone injection had a synergic effect, which led to significant improvements in mineralization with only a small increase in input energy. The decomposition mechanism of phenol by the submerged arc plasma with the ozone was analyzed.     

滑动弧放电等离子体杀菌的研究进展

在介绍现有杀菌方法及其局限性的基础上提出滑动弧放电等离子体杀菌技术,阐述滑动弧放电等离子体产生的基本原理,介绍了基本的反应装置及其发展情况;探讨此技术在杀菌方面的研究进展,并从紫外线、臭氧、NO.和.OH自由基、H2O2等角度出发对杀菌机理进行了分析。最后对该项技术在杀菌领域的应用与发展提出了建议及展望。     

电晕放电等离子体烟气脱硫工业化试验

在四川绵阳5000-20000 m3／h装置上进行了电晕放电等离子体烟气脱硫试验。试验结果表明,水蒸气／氨放电活化均能够提高烟气脱硫效率。在水蒸气／氨活化及脉冲电晕联合作用下,烟气温度60-70℃,烟气含湿总量约10％,SO2初始体积分数1500×10-6,氨硫摩尔比2:1,系统耗能率约为4 W·h／m3时,脱硫效率达到93％,形成的副产物中(NH4)2SO4与(NH4)2SO3的质量比大于95:5。     

脉冲电湿式脱硫除尘技术及其在精锌冶炼炉的应用

介绍脉冲电湿式脱硫除尘技术及其在精锌冶炼炉上的应用。     

低温等离子体技术及其在柴油机排气处理中的应用

概述了等离子体特点及分类 ,介绍了低温等离子体的产生及其净化柴油机排气的应用进展 ,分析了低温等离子体技术有效处理柴油机排气的机理 ,阐述了未来低温等离子体处理柴油机排气的主要方向与应用前景。     

等离子体催化脱氮的实验研究

研究了等离子体和催化剂共同作用下氮氧化物的脱除情况 ,催化剂采用分子筛Cu ZSM 5。实验证明 ,在有催化剂存在的条件下 ,等离子体反应器的脱氮效率有了很大的提高 ,同时电源功率、烟气成分、温度、添加剂也都是影响实验结果的重要因素。