“Ethereal Carbon”: legitimizing liquefied natural gas in British Columbia

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the provincial government of British Columbia's recent proposal of building a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) industry, in which natural gas extracted through hydraulic fracturing will be liquefied and then exported to Asian markets. Drawing upon the growing literature on energopower, petro-state, and petro-culture, selected texts and images from “LNG in BC”—the project's official branding website—were analyzed through a multimodal critical discourse analysis. The results reveal two primary strategies of legitimation: the first emphasizes the economic benefits of LNG development in terms of employment and taxation revenues; the second defines LNG as a means of strengthening B.C.’s environmental leadership. The second narrative depends heavily upon the symbolic values of natural gas, contrasting its “clean” appearance (as a colorless and odorless gas) with the material density and “toxic sensuality” of other “dirty” fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, and bitumen). The website also presents a linear and simplified “storyline” of the generation of LNG which emphasizes the simple, “clean” process of liquefaction to distract attention from the ecological and health risks of hydraulic fracturing.     

PE内衬技术在给水管网维修方面应用的探讨

诸多因素造成目前城市的给水管网 ,除了不断新建外还必须对原有管道进行更新、改造。但是更新改造原有管网异常棘手 ,我们通过市场开发与技术研究 ,认为PE内衬技术具有无可比拟的优越性 ,是解决这一问题的最佳途径     

水力停留时间对曝气生物滤池处理效能及运行特性的影响

通过实验室模型试验研究了曝气生物滤池处理模拟生活污水的效能,分析了水力停留时间(HRT)变化对曝气生物滤池处理效果及运行特性的影响规律。研究发现,当HRT大于0.6h时,曝气生物滤池具有良好的有机物和浊度的去除效果,而当HRT为0．4h时,处理效果则显著下降;反应器的硝化反硝化脱氮能力受HRT的影响比较明显,缩短HRT将使氨氮和总氮去除率迅速下降,当HRT为1.25h时,氨氮和总氮去除率分别达到70%和40％以上;缩短HRT会在一定程度上促进亚硝酸盐积累现象的发生。而反应器的过滤周期则与HRT呈明显的线性关系。     

Towards a better hydraulic cleaning strategy for ultrafiltration membrane fouling by humic acid: Effect of backwash water composition

As a routine measurement to alleviate membrane fouling, hydraulic cleaning is of great significance for the steady operation of ultrafiltration (UF) systems in water treatment processes. In this work, a comparative study was performed to investigate the effects of the composition of backwash water on the hydraulic cleaning performance of UF membranes fouled by humic acid (HA). Various types of backwash water, including UF permeate, Milli-Q water, NaCl solution, CaCl₂ solution and HA solution, were compared in terms of hydraulically irreversible fouling index, total surface tension and residual HA. The results indicated that Milli-Q water backwash was superior to UF permeate backwash in cleaning HA-fouled membranes, and the backwash water containing Na⁺ or HA outperformed Milli-Q water in alleviating HA fouling. On the contrary, the presence of Ca^2 + in backwash water significantly decreased the backwash efficiency. Moreover, Ca^2 + played an important role in foulant removal, and the residual HA content closely related to the residual Ca^2 + content. Mechanism analysis suggested that the backwash process may involve fouling layer swelling, ion exchange, electric double layer release and competitive complexation. Ion exchange and competitive complexation played significant roles in the efficient hydraulic cleaning associated with Na⁺ and HA, respectively.     

Hydraulic performance of Compacted Clay Liners (CCLs) under combined temperature and leachate exposures

Experimental investigations were carried out to investigate the effect of thermo-chemical exposures on the hydraulic performance of Compacted Clay Liners (CCLs) in landfills. Hydraulic conductivity of most CCL specimens was increased by two to three times their initial values when exposed to 55 °C for 75 days. CCL specimens also experienced increases in their hydraulic conductivities when exposed to leachate at room temperature. This behaviour could be due to the decrease in viscosity when the permeant was changed from tap water to leachate. However, as the leachate exposure time exceeded the first 15 days, hydraulic conductivity readings decreased to as much as one order of magnitude after 75 days of leachate permeation at room temperature. The gradual decrease in the CCLs hydraulic conductivities was most likely due to chemical precipitation and clogging of pore voids within the soils which seemed to reduce the effective pore volume. The rate of hydraulic conductivity reduction due to leachate permeation was slower at higher temperatures, which was attributed to the lower permeant viscosity and lower clogging occurrence. The observed hydraulic behaviours were correlated to the physical, mineral, and chemical properties of the CCLs and described below.     

革新的UNITANK法处理城市污水的特性

对UNITANK法的传统运行模式做了改进。在此基础上，考察了水力停留时问、溶解氧浓度和泥龄等重要因素对处理效果的影响。结果表明，将系统控制在适宜的条件下，出水COD和NH3-N均可达到污水综合排放一级标准。提出了后续研究中改善除磷效果的措施。     

Sources and Distribution of Polychlorinated Terphenyls at a Major US Aeronautics Research Facility

O -deethylase (EROD) activity to a similar degree as PCB Aroclor 1254 and to a greater extent than PCT Aroclor 5460. The presence of high concentrations of PCTs contributed to the facility being included on the National Priorities List. It subsequently became the first US federal facility to sign a Federal Facility Agreement, identifying cleanup responsibilities, prior to formal listing.     

水工隧洞岩溶涌水的水文法计算

在总结数个不同类型水工隧洞岩溶涌水实例的基础上,提出了采用水文参数计算水工隧洞岩溶涌水的新方法,即利用同地区岩溶管道水及中小河流实测得到的最大径流模数,或据常年日暴雨计算得到的径流模数,乘以不同的折减系数来计算隧洞岩溶涌水量。折减系数考虑了岩溶管道与水工隧洞的接触关系、岩溶管道水的补给及出流特征,并提出了相应的经验值。     

4m压力管离心铸造机液压传动

此文在介绍4m压力管离心铸造工艺对液压传动工作要求的基础上,重点介绍了液压传动的工作原理、组成及其主要特点.     

Estimation of primary drainage three-phase relative permeability for organic liquid transport in the vadose zone

The modeling of transport of organic liquid contaminants through the vadose zone often requires three-phase relative permeabilities. Since these are difficult to measure, predictive models are usually used. The objective of this study is to assess the ability of eight common models to predict the drainage relative permeability to oil in a three-phase system (water-oil-air). A comparison of the models' estimates using data set from Oak [Oak, M.J., 1990. Three-phase relative permeability of water-wet Berea. In: Seventh Symposium on Enhanced Oil Recovery, Paper SPE/Doe 20183. Tulsa, OK, April 22-25] showed that they provide very different predictions for the same system. The goodness of the models does not increase with the amount of data or computation that the models require. Also, the calculations showed how different interpretations of the models and of the terminology associated with them can significantly impact the predictions. Thus, considerable error may be introduced into the simulations of organic liquid transport in the vadose zone depending on the selection and interpretation of the three-phase relative permeability model.