Para-chlorophenol containing synthetic wastewater treatment in an activated sludge unit: effects of hydraulic residence time

Due to the toxic nature of chlorophenol compounds present in some chemical industry effluents, biological treatment of such wastewaters is usually realized with low treatment efficiencies. Para-chlorophenol (4-chlorophenol, 4-CP) containing synthetic wastewater was treated in an activated sludge unit at different hydraulic residence times (HRT) varying between 5 and 30 h while the feed COD (2500 mg l(-1)), 4-CP (500 mg l(-1)) and sludge age (SRT, 10 days) were constant. Effects of HRT variations on COD, 4-CP, toxicity removals and on settling characteristics of the sludge were investigated. Percent COD removals increased and the effluent COD concentrations decreased when HRT increased from 5 to 15 h and remained almost constant for larger HRT levels. Nearly, 91% COD and 99% 4-CP removals were obtained at HRT levels above 15 h. Because of the highly concentrated microbial population at HRT levels of above 15 h, low effluent (reactor) 4-CP concentrations and almost complete toxicity removals were obtained. High biomass concentrations obtained at HRT levels above 15 h were due to low 4-CP contents in the aeration tank yielding negligible inhibition effects and low maintenance requirements. The sludge volume index (SVI) decreased with increasing HRT up to 15 h due to high biomass concentrations at high HRT levels resulting in well settling sludge with low SVI values. Hydraulic residence times above 15 h resulted in more than 90% COD and complete 4-CP and toxicity removals along with well settling sludge.     

水电工程抗震设防概率水准和地震作用概率模型

本文基于我国已有的二十余个重大水利水电工程场地地震危险性分析的结果,运用概率分析方法探讨了水电工程抗震设防的概率水准和地震作用的概率模型,以便为正在修订中的《水工建筑物抗震设计规范》提供依据。     

Hydraulic constraints on the performance of a groundwater denitrification wall for nitrate removal from shallow groundwater

Denitrification walls are a practical approach for decreasing non-point source pollution of surface waters. They are constructed by digging a trench perpendicular to groundwater flow and mixing the aquifer material with organic matter, such as sawdust, which acts as a carbon source to stimulate denitrification. For efficient functioning, walls need to be permeable to groundwater flow. We examined the functioning of a denitrification wall constructed in an aquifer consisting of coarse sands. Wells were monitored for changes in nitrate concentration as groundwater passed through the wall and soil samples were taken to measure microbial parameters inside the wall. Nitrate concentrations upstream of the wall ranged from 21 to 39 g N m(-3), in the wall from 0 to 2 g N m(-3) and downstream from 19 to 44 g N m(-3). An initial groundwater flow investigation using a salt tracer dilution technique showed that the flow through the wall was less than 4% of the flow occurring in the aquifer. Natural gradient tracer tests using bromide and Rhodamine-WT confirmed groundwater bypass under the wall. Hydraulic conductivity of 0.48 m day(-1) was measured inside the wall, whereas the surrounding aquifer had a hydraulic conductivity of 65.4 m day(-1). This indicated that during construction of the wall, hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer had been greatly reduced, so that most of the groundwater flowed under rather than through the wall. Denitrification rates measured in the center of the wall ranged from 0.020 to 0.13 g N m(-3) day(-1), which did not account for the rates of nitrate removal (0.16-0.29 g N m(-3) day(-1)) calculated from monitoring of groundwater nitrate concentrations. This suggested that the rate of denitrification was greater at the upstream face of the wall than in its center where it was limited by low nitrate concentrations. While denitrification walls can be an inexpensive tool for removing nitrate from groundwater, they may not be suitable in aquifers with coarse textured subsoils where simple inexpensive construction techniques result in major decreases in hydraulic conductivity.     

An analytical model for the interpretation of pulse injection experiments performed for testing the spatial variability of clay formations

This paper presents an analytical model to describe pulse injection experiments. This model solves the advection-diffusion equation while taking into account back diffusion from the clay core to the inlet and from the outlet to the clay core. In most analytical models, back diffusion is neglected. For sufficiently high Péclet numbers, this is a good approximation. However, in experiments where the Péclet number is low, back diffusion is important and must be taken into account. An additional advantage of the present model is that both concentration and flux are conserved at the inlet and at the outlet of the clay core. This model is used to fit pulse injection experiments with iodide and tritiated water (HTO) in clay cores. The (new) model is required for fitting the experimental results since in clay layers advection is very slow leading to a low Péclet number. The experiments are performed on clay cores taken from different depths from the Boom Clay and the Ypres Clay layer under the site of the nuclear power plant of Doel (Belgium). The quality of all fits is excellent and the obtained parameter values are coherent. For HTO, the fitted value for the diffusion accessible porosity is consistent with measurements of the water content in Ypres Clay cores. In both types of clays, the apparent diffusion coefficient at zero flow is between 10(-10) and 2 x 10(-10) m(2)/s for iodide and between 2 x 10(-10) and 3 x 10(-10) m(2)/s for HTO. The dispersion length is in the order of 10(-3) m. The average value for the diffusion accessible porosity is between 0.35 and 0.4 for HTO and between 0.2 and 0.25 for iodide.     

廊道式好氧活性污泥法工艺去除氨氮和CODCr的运行总结

研究分析廊道式活性污泥法工艺的诸多优点,同时发现适当的提高水力负荷有利于提高系统的生化处理效果和能力,最后还发现氨氮处理效果的增强,使SV30有所增大,他们之间有很好的正相关性;因为硝化菌群的絮凝效果较弱而引起的.     

某排污扩散器水力特性的实验研究

对某实际排污工程多喷头扩散器的水力特性进行了系统的实验研究。内容包括：在不同污水排放是、环境流速和潮位情况下，扩散器各喷头的流量分配，喷口流速分布；扩散器管路的冲洗，水流阻力特性等；以及扩散器近区稀释特性分析，结论对实际排污系统设计有一定的参考价值。     

煤矿液压提升机的安全功能与安全隐患分析

液压提升机是较为复杂的机电液一体化产品 ,是煤矿井下作业提升物料和运送人员的关键设备 ,素有矿井咽喉之称。液压提升机的防爆、提升过程中的超速、过卷保护、液压系统的高、低压保护及升降与制动工作协同性是其安全性设计的核心与关键。笔者概要介绍了液压提升机的主要安全保护功能 ,分析并探讨了液压提升机存在的安全隐患与对策     

A comparison of hydraulic and transport parameters measured in low-permeability fractured media

Data from 90 tracer experiments performed in low-permeability fractured media have been studied to explore correlations among parameters controlling flow and transport. The original data had been interpreted by different authors using different models, which prevents direct comparison of their estimated parameters. In order to produce comparable parameters, the data have been reexamined using simple models (homogeneous domain, steady-state flow regime, single porosity). Specifically, hydraulic conductivity has been derived as the ratio of water flux to head gradient and apparent porosity as the ratio of water velocity to water flux; the former estimated from both first and peak arrival times. Hydraulic conductivity and porosity correlate along a straight line of slope 1:3 in log scale. While the regression is too noisy to be of predictive use, it lends some support to the use of a generalized cubic law. The fact that correlation for first arrival time porosity (0.77) is larger than for peak arrival porosity (0.62) suggests that first arrival is controlled by the same flow paths as hydraulic conductivity. Apparent porosity derived from peak arrival time is found to grow with travel time along a line of 0.55 slope (again log scale). The correlation coefficient ranges between 0.73 and 0.80 (depending on the data set) for hard rocks. The fact that this correlation is maintained when varying the flow rate at a given site leads us to suggest that it is caused by diffusion mechanisms. This conclusion is further supported by the increase of apparent porosity with the matrix porosity of the rock on which the experiments were performed.     

水力帷幕防治海水入侵的数值模拟研究

为比较应用于防治海水入侵工程的水力帷幕效果,利用垂向二维非均质流体的对流-弥散模型,运用伽辽金有限元法求解,并用物理实验结果验证其有效性.将模型应用于模拟广西北海市海城区海水入侵过程及水力帷幕防治海水入侵效果,分别计算了超采地下水、抽水、注水和抽-注水情况下咸淡水界面随时间推移过程,并分析咸淡水界面推移与抽、注水流量及抽、注水孔位置之间关系,通过比较得出注水是北海市防治海水入侵较为理想的措施.     

Settling basin design in a constructed wetland using TSS removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time

Using total suspended solid （TSS） removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time （HRT） as design parameters a design guideline of a settling basin in a constructed wetland （CW） was suggested; as well as management of sediment and particle in the settling basin. The CW was desiEned to treat the piggery wastewater effluent from a wastewater treatment plant during dry days and stonnwater runoff from the surrounding paved area during wet days. The first settling basin （FSB） in the CVV was theoretically designed with a total storage volume （TSV） of 453 ms and HRT of 5.5 hr. The amount of sediment and particles settled at the FSB was high due to the sedimentation and interception of plants in the CVV. Dredging of sediments was performed when the retention rate at the FSB decreased to approximately 80%. Findings showed that the mean flow rate was 21.8 m3/hr less than the designed flow rate of 82.8 m3/hr indicating that the FSB was oversize and operated with longer HRT （20.7 hr） compared to the design HRT. An empirical model to estimate the length of the settling basin in the CW was developed as a function of HRT and desired TSS removal efficiency. Using the minimum tolerable TSS removal efficiency of 30%, the length of the FSB was estimated to be 31.2 m with 11.8 hr HRT.