短期干旱胁迫对马尾松排放挥发性有机物的影响

为探究干旱环境对BVOCs排放的影响,应用动态封闭式采样系统和热脱附-气相色谱-飞行质谱仪,对短期干旱胁迫作用下马尾松的BVOCs排放进行了实验室测量,定量分析BVOCs排放速率和排放组成的变化.结果表明,干旱胁迫时异戊二烯的排放受到抑制,排放速率降低约50%;单萜烯和倍半萜烯的排放水平增强,排放速率分别为137.85和0.98μg/(m²·h),是未受胁迫时的2.9和2.0倍.除反式-α-香柠檬烯外,干旱胁迫促进各单萜烯和倍半萜烯化合物的排放,是未受胁迫时的1.3～42.4倍,其中3-蒈烯排放的响应最敏感,α-葑烯、α-水芹烯和石竹烯的响应最弱.干旱胁迫时单萜烯和倍半萜烯的排放组成有所变化,但主导的化合物种类不变,单萜烯以α-蒎烯、香桧烯和β-蒎烯为主,占比分别为48%、17%和17%;倍半萜烯以石竹烯和长叶烯为主,占比分别为57%和34%.     

Reviews of emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in Asia

Biogenic volatile organic compounds(BVOCs) in the atmosphere play important roles in the formation of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosol(SOA) in global scale and also in regional scale under some condition due to their large amount and relatively higher reactivity.In places with high plant cover in the tropics and in China where air pollution is serious,the effect of BVOCs on ozone and secondary organic aerosols is strong.The present research aims to provide a comprehensive review ...     

蒲河致嗅类VOSCs污染水平与空间分布及其影响因素

为研究蒲河中致嗅类VOSCs(挥发性有机硫化物)的污染水平、空间分布及其影响因素,采用吹扫捕集(P&T)与气相色谱(GC)/火焰光度检测器(FPD)联用方法,测定水样中14种致嗅类VOSCs的质量浓度,采用相关性分析确定水质因子〔ρ(DO)、ρ(NH₃-N)、ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(BOD₅)〕对ρ(∑VOSCs)空间分布的影响. 结果表明:所调查的27个采样点中各目标化合物均有检出,ρ(∑VOSCs)的范围为85.82~1 766.04 ng/L;DMS(甲硫醚)为最主要的污染物,ρ(DMS)平均值为114.29 ng/L,检出率为96.30%,变异系数为0.42. ρ(DO)与ρ(∑VOSCs)显著相关,Pearson相关系数为-0.751,对ρ(∑VOSCs)的空间分布影响最大;其次是ρ(NH₃-N),Pearson相关系数为0.441;ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(BOD₅)与ρ(∑VOSCs)不相关.      

某石油炼制企业VOCs排放源强反演研究

选取我国北方某石油炼制企业为研究对象,针对其挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放,于春季3月开展了厂界周边大气VOCs环境浓度监测,并利用ISCST-3空气质量模型反推出该企业VOCs排放源强.监测结果表明,厂外上风向背景点与下风向受体点TVOCs浓度平均值分别为28.6×10-9和88.3×10-9,且2个区域VOCs还存在化学组分特征差异,背景点以乙烷、丙烷、乙烯为主,而受体点化学组分中丙烯、异丁烷、丁烷、异戊烷、戊烷的体积浓度百分比显著上升,说明该炼油厂VOCs排放体量大,对局地环境影响显著.扣除背景点VOCs,获得了该炼油厂VOCs排放化学成分谱,其主要成分体积浓度百分比:乙烷(23.4%)、丙烷(11.8%)、丁烷(10.4%)、异丁烷(9.0%)、戊烷(5.3%)、异戊烷(6.4%)、丙烯(11.5%),成分谱特征与国内相关文献相似.ISCST-3模型反演结果显示,该炼油厂TVOCs年排放量平均值为(2201.6±1011.9) t/a,折合排放因子约0.73g VOCs/kg原油.该计算结果偏低,原因可能在于:其一,测试季节为春季,较低的环境温度致使了炼油厂挥发散逸环节的排放低于全年平均水平;其二,ISCST-3模型为扩散模型,未考虑VOCs化合物在局地范围的化学衰减.     

石油类污染地下水中挥发性有机物低温生物降解性能的研究

针对地下水石油类污染的问题,从某污染场地土壤中筛选驯化出了适用于处理挥发性有机物的3株低温高效降解菌,并以苯和萘作为特征组分考察了pH、DO、温度、氮磷等因素对降解效果的影响;实验结果表明,在8℃左右的地下环境中,DO和氮磷的含量对污染物的降解影响较大;在pH 7.5、DO＞4 mg/L和投加氮磷的条件下,18 d内降...     

Hydrocarbon degradation, plant colonization and gene expression of alkane degradation genes by endophytic Enterobacter ludwigii strains

The genus Enterobacter comprises a range of beneficial plant-associated bacteria showing plant growth promotion. Enterobacter ludwigii belongs to the Enterobacter cloacae complex and has been reported to include human pathogens but also plant-associated strains with plant beneficial capacities. To assess the role of Enterobacter endophytes in hydrocarbon degradation, plant colonization, abundance and expression of CYP153 genes in different plant compartments, three plant species (Italian ryegrass, birdsfoot trefoil and alfalfa) were grown in sterile soil spiked with 1% diesel and inoculated with three endophytic E. ludwigii strains. Results showed that all strains were capable of hydrocarbon degradation and efficiently colonized the rhizosphere and plant interior. Two strains, ISI10-3 and BRI10-9, showed highest degradation rates of diesel fuel up to 68% and performed best in combination with Italian ryegrass and alfalfa. All strains expressed the CYP153 gene in all plant compartments, indicating an active role in degradation of diesel in association with plants.     

季铵化合物对好氧活性污泥吸附Ni2+的影响研究

以季铵化合物中最具潜在影响力、毒性较大的苄基季铵盐(BAC)为模型物,进行了BAC对好氧活性污泥吸附Ni2+的影响研究.结果表明,当反应液初始pH≤3时,不同浓度的BAC对好氧活性污泥吸附Ni2+的影响较小,当初始pH在3～9时,不同浓度的BAC对Ni2+吸附的抑制影响顺序为100 mg/L＞20 mg/L＞0 mg/...     

Photophysical and photochemical properties of the pharmaceutical compound salbutamol in aqueous solutions

Salbutamol is a potent β₂-adrenergic receptor agonist widely used in the treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An increasing number of studies have detected salbutamol in natural water systems worldwide. Studies have shown that sunlight degrades salbutamol resulting in the formation of products; some showing higher toxicity to bacteria Vibrio fischeri than the parent compound. In this contribution, steady-state absorption and emission techniques, high-performance liquid chromatography, and transient absorption spectroscopy are used to investigate the photochemistry of salbutamol in aqueous buffer solutions at controlled pH values. Ground- and excited-state calculations that include solvent effects are performed to guide the interpretation of the experimental results. Salbutamol is sensitive to UVB light absorption in the pH range from 3 to 12, forming products that absorb light at longer wavelengths than the parent compound. Quantum yields of degradation reveal that the deprotonated species is 10-fold more photo-active than the protonated species. In line with this result, the fluorescence quantum yield of the protonated species is more than an order of magnitude higher than that of the deprotonated species. Transient absorption spectroscopy shows that population of the triplet state occurs with a rate constant of 7.1 × 10⁸ s⁻¹ in the protonated species, while a rate constant of 1.7 × 10¹⁰ s⁻¹ is measured for the deprotonated species. While degradation of the deprotonated species is not affected by the presence of molecular oxygen, a twofold increase in the photodegradation yield of the protonated species in air-saturated conditions is observed.     

Mass flows of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in central wastewater treatment plants of industrial zones in Thailand

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are fully fluorinated organic compounds, which have been used in many industrial processes and have been detected in wastewater and sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) around the world. This study focused on the occurrences of PFCs and PFCs mass flows in the industrial wastewater treatment plants, which reported to be the important sources of PFCs. Surveys were conducted in central wastewater treatment plant in two industrial zones in Thailand. Samples were collected from influent, aeration tank, secondary clarifier effluent, effluent and sludge. The major purpose of this field study was to identify PFCs occurrences and mass flow during industrial WWTP. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with HPLC-ESI-MS/MS were used for the analysis. Total 10 PFCs including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoronanoic acid (PFNA), perfluordecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA), and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) were measured to identify their occurrences. PFCs were detected in both liquid and solid phase in most samples. The exceptionally high level of PFCs was detected in the treatment plant of IZ1 and IZ2 ranging between 662-847 ng L⁻¹ and 674-1383 ng L⁻¹, respectively, which greater than PFCs found in most domestic wastewater. Due to PFCs non-biodegradable property, both WWTPs were found ineffective in removing PFCs using activated sludge processes. Bio-accumulation in sludge could be the major removal mechanism of PFCs in the process. The increasing amount of PFCs after activated sludge processes were identified which could be due to the degradation of PFCs precursors. PFCs concentration found in the effluent were very high comparing to those in river water of the area. Industrial activity could be the one of major sources of PFCs contamination in the water environment.     

生物净化挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的研究进展

有机废气中大多含有低浓度的苯、甲苯、苯乙烯、多环芳烃等挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)。这类挥发性有机化合物会对人体健康和生态环境造成危害。治理VOCs污染是大气污染治理的重要部分。生物法处理有机废气具有运行费用低、没有二次污染等优点。常用的生物处理技术主要有生物过滤池、生物滴滤池和生物洗涤塔。20世纪80年代生物法在欧洲得到快速发展,我国于90年代以后也开始了生物处理VOCs废气的研究,并取得了一定的成就。