Effect of pyrene on denitrification activity and abundance and composition of denitrifying community in an agricultural soil

Toxicity of pyrene on the denitrifiers was studied by spiking an agricultural soil with pyrene to a series of concentrations (0-500 mg kg⁻¹) followed by dose-response and dynamic incubation experiments. Results showed a positive correlation between potential denitrification activity and copy numbers of denitrifying functional genes (nirK, nirS and nosZ), and were both negatively correlated with pyrene concentrations. Based on the comparison of EC₅₀ values, denitrifiers harboring nirK, nirS or nosZ gene were more sensitive than denitrification activity, and denitrifiers harboring nirS gene were more sensitive than that harboring nirK or nosZ genes. Seven days after spiking with EC₅₀ concentration of pyrene, denitrifiers diversity decreased and community composition changed in comparison with the control. Phylogenetic analyses of three genes showed that the addition of pyrene increased the proportion of Bradyrhizobiaceae, Rhodospirillales, Burkholderiales and Pseudomonadales. Some species belonging to these groups were reported to be able to degrade PAHs.     

IC厌氧反应器处理垃圾渗滤液

在(35±1)℃条件下,采用IC厌氧反应器对天津大港垃圾焚烧厂垃圾渗滤液进行处理,研究了COD的去除效果、容积负荷、沼气产量和污泥的颗粒化,分析了循环比、上升流速对反应器的影响.结果表明,厌氧反应器经60 d的启动运行后,达到300 m3/d的设计水量,进水容积负荷达到17.7 kg COD/(m3·d),水力停留时间3.7d,COD去除率高于80％,出水挥发酸(VFA)低于l 500 mg/L,平均每去除1 kg COD产沼气0.42 m3,适宜的上升流速和循环比为2.0 ～5.0 m/h、8∶1 ～20∶1.启动结束后,厌氧消化污泥明显出现颗粒化,颗粒污泥的沉降速度达到了67.5 ～ 96.0 m/h,0.3～1.0 mm的颗粒污泥量占有74％.     

基于高分辨率MARGA数据分析石家庄PM2.5成分谱特征

利用MARGA离子在线分析仪ADI 2080于2014年8月21日~9月23日在石家庄市气象局楼顶开展了PM2.5组分连续观测试验,结合气象、环境监测资料对其进行了相关分析,结果表明:8种气溶胶水溶性离子质量浓度总和与石家庄市PM2.5浓度保持高度一致,二次离子SO42-、NH4+、NO3-占水溶性离子总和的88.4%,是石家庄PM2.5的主要组分,SO42-质量浓度在水溶性离子中所占比例最大,随气温的升高而增加,随湿度的增大有所下降,NO3-则相反,随湿度的增大所占比例增加明显;能见度随水溶性离子质量浓度增加呈幂函数快速下降,二次离子SO42-、NH4+、NO3-质量浓度与盛行风向和工业区布局、太行山地形有关,浓度最大的风向为东北风,最小的为偏西风;SO42-、NO3-的气态前体物SO2、NO2气相、液相转化率SOR、NOR均随着湿度增大而增大,SOR与湿度关系更密切,NOR受辐射影响日变化呈单峰型;Ca2+做为建筑材料的标识元素,干燥的晴天及偏西风影响下质量浓度较大,在该种天气型下需注意控尘.     

有机污染物对藻类毒性的测定

藻类是研究水生毒理学的很好的材料之一，对其毒性是评价化合物危害的基本数据，也是研究化合物结构与生物效应的手段之一，通过测定工业废水，数种硝基芳烃及多种有机锡对藻类的毒性，发现剂量与效应时间有很好的相关性，化合物结构与效应之间也有一定的规律。     

鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)体内胆碱酯酶的组织分布及其对氨基甲酸酯类杀虫药剂的敏感度

鲫鱼(Carassius auratus Linnaeus)是重要的淡水鱼类,也是重要的食用鱼种.鱼体内胆碱酯酶(ChE)活性的降低是水体环境抗胆碱酯酶类药剂污染的重要生物化学标记.本文研究了鲫鱼体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和丁酰胆碱酯酶(BuChE)的组织特异性分布及其对灭多威、硫双灭多威、克百威以及丁硫克百威等4种氨基甲酸酯类药剂的敏感度.AChE主要分布在鲫鱼的脑部,提取液中含有Triton X-100时,AChE的比活力要比无Triton-100时大,说明AChE是膜结合的.鲫鱼中肌肉、胰脏、肝脏、肠道中BuChE比活力较高.灭多威、硫双灭多威、克百威、丁硫克百威对鱼脑中的AChE的抑制中浓度(IC50)分别为9.47×10-7 mol/L,1.34×10-6 mol/L,2.40×10-7mol/L,2.75×10-6mol/L.上述4种氨基甲酸酯类农药对鱼脑中的AChE的抑制具有很好的剂量关系,表明鲫鱼脑AChE可以作为水体环境中氨基甲酸酯类药污染的生物化学标记.     

Leaching potential of some phenylureas and their main metabolites through laboratory studies

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Laboratory studies were conducted with the aim of defining the leaching potential of some phenylureas and their metabolites. A first study was performed for calculating their leaching index (as GUS) on the base of intrinsic properties: persistence (as DT50) and mobility (as Koc) in soil. Another study consisted of aged column leaching experiments whose meaning was to semi-quantify the occurrence of the tested compounds in the leachates, so simulating in field conditions. METHODS: The tested compounds were: diuron, linuron and monolinuron (parents); 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), 4-chloroaniline (CLA), 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylurea (DCPMU), 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (DCPU), 1-(4-chlorophenyl)urea (CPU) and monuron, this latter considered both as a metabolite and parent compound. The Koc values of the examined substances were determined by the HPLC screening methods, according to the OECD TG 121. DT50 determinations and aged column leaching experiments were carried out according to SETAC procedures. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The examined compounds showed a rather wide range of persistence in soil, with DT50 values less than 2 days for DCA and CLA, close to 8 days for DCPU and CPU and from 16 (diuron) up to 24.8 (DCPMU) days for the others. Their mobility was generally high, based on their Koc values, which ranged from 33 (CPU) to 406 (linuron). The GUS indices indicated that monuron has a clear potential to contaminate groundwater (> 2.8); DCPMU, monolinuron, CPU and diuron are intermediate contaminants (1.8-2.8). Linuron, DCPU, CLA and DCA exhibited a non-leaching behaviour (< 1.8). The aged leaching column experiments showed that parents were found in the leachates at very high percentages respect to the doses applied. The metabolites reached much less percentages, the highest values were observed for monuron from diuron (5.7), CPU (7.2) and DCPMU (8.2%). CONCLUSION: Diuron, Monuron, CPU and DCPMU on the basis of their intrinsic properties, formation from their parents and occurrence in leachates from aged column leaching studies, seem to possess the characteristics of groundwater contaminants. The methodological approach of this study is relatively easy and rapid, hence it can represent a tool for a first screening of compounds such as pesticide metabolites (generally available only in small quantities and for which a field study is not conceivable) or other compounds for which not adequate environmental data are available.     

对内循环厌氧(IC)反应器的探讨

IC反应器是在UASB反应器的基础上发展起来的第3代厌氧反应器,它具有效率高、能耗低、投资少、占地省等优掌。详细分析了IC反应器的一些特性,并介绍了一种由我国研究者自行研制开发的内循环厌氧反应器——多级内循环厌氧（MIC）反应器。     

两种咪唑氯盐类离子液体对水稻幼苗根部的毒性效应

按照毒性试验标准方法研究了1-癸基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([DMIM]Cl)、1-十二烷基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([C12MIM]Cl)对水稻幼苗生长的影响,测定了水稻根的半数抑制浓度(IC50-5d)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、水稻根部丙二醛(MDA)含量及对水稻根系的生理影响.结果表明:两种离子液体(ILs)对水稻幼苗根部生长均具有抑制作用,随着浓度的增大抑制率增加,[DMIM]Cl和[C12MIM]Cl的根长IC50-5d分别为0.10 mg·L-1和0.054 mg·L-1,水稻幼苗根部对两种ILs均有氧化应激反应,在[DMIM]Cl和[C12MIM]Cl处理下,3种抗氧化酶活性均受到严重抑制,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,加剧了水稻幼苗根部细胞膜脂质过氧化作用.[DMIM]Cl和[C12MIM]Cl处理导致根系活力降低,根系质膜透性增大.     

Ecological consequences of forest elephant declines for Afrotropical forests

Poaching is rapidly extirpating African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) from most of their historical range, leaving vast areas of elephant‐free tropical forest. Elephants are ecological engineers that create and maintain forest habitat; thus, their loss will have large consequences for the composition and structure of Afrotropical forests. Through a comprehensive literature review, we evaluated the roles of forest elephants in seed dispersal, nutrient recycling, and herbivory and physical damage to predict the cascading ecological effects of their population declines. Loss of seed dispersal by elephants will favor tree species dispersed abiotically and by smaller dispersal agents, and tree species composition will depend on the downstream effects of changes in elephant nutrient cycling and browsing. Loss of trampling and herbivory of seedlings and saplings will result in high tree density with release from browsing pressures. Diminished seed dispersal by elephants and high stem density are likely to reduce the recruitment of large trees and thus increase homogeneity of forest structure and decrease carbon stocks. The loss of ecological services by forest elephants likely means Central African forests will be more like Neotropical forests, from which megafauna were extirpated thousands of years ago. Without intervention, as much as 96% of Central African forests will have modified species composition and structure as elephants are compressed into remaining protected areas. Stopping elephant poaching is an urgent first step to mitigating these effects, but long‐term conservation will require land‐use planning that incorporates elephant habitat into forested landscapes that are being rapidly transformed by industrial agriculture and logging.     

白洋淀荷茎叶提取液对铜绿微囊藻及四尾栅藻化感效应

本研究探讨了活体荷不同部位(茎和叶)提取出液对铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻生长化感效应,为推广荷遏制水华暴发及制作抑藻制剂提供理论基础.实验设计了5个浓度梯度,结果表明,荷叶浸出液对藻类的抑制效果优于荷茎浸出液,当荷叶浸出质量浓度为25 g.L-1时,对铜绿微囊藻及四尾栅藻的抑制率分别为71.33%、78.14%.浸出液成分的GC-MS分析表明,荷叶和茎浸出液都含有丙酰胺,质量浓度分别为1.1 mg.L-1、0.2 mg.L-1.并根据概率计算法,分别计算了两种藻类的半浓度效应.