上海近海(洋山)海水主要成分及微量元素分析

为研究人为活动等因素对近海海水成分和海洋环境的影响,本文使用离子色谱(IC)和电感耦合等离子体质谱技术(ICP-MS)分别对上海沿海(洋山)海域海水中的主要成分和43种微量元素含量进行了分析。通过钠度和富集因子等参数将测量值与全球海水平均值进行了比较分析。结果显示:上海近海海水受长江等陆地河流的冲淡作用,主成分浓度整体下降,但主成分之间的比例变化不大;人为活动对近海海水微量元素的含量有显著影响,在海水被冲淡的背景下,40种所测微量元素发生不同程度的富集,富集的可能来源有海事航运活动、沿海及长江流域工业废弃物排放及沿海河流水土流失等。     

苯并[α]芘对海洋微藻生长及细胞特征的影响

采用急性毒性实验方法,研究了苯并[α]芘(B[α]P)对3种海洋微藻生长和细胞特征的影响。结果表明,B[α]P对3种海洋微藻生长的抑制呈显著的时间-剂量效应,其96 h半数效应浓度依次为:湛江等鞭金藻17.00μg/L,塔溪堤等鞭金藻25.18μg/L,牟氏角毛藻83.06μg/L。高浓度B[α]P胁迫96 h后,3种海洋微藻细胞体积和细胞内容物颗粒均有增加,而藻细胞叶绿素含量却随着B[α]P浓度的增加而降低。这一研究说明,B[α]P对微藻细胞形态及光合能力均能造成明显影响,并可抑制藻细胞数量的增长。B[α]P对藻细胞的抑制作用存在种的差异性,相对来说,金藻类微藻对B[α]P更为敏感。     

6种重金属对3种海水养殖生物的急性毒性效应

以主要海水养殖动物菲律宾蛤仔、刺参、褐牙鲆为研究对象,采用静水毒性法评价了重金属对海洋生物的毒性效应,分别将受试动物暴露于不同浓度梯度的重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Hg及As单种试液中,概率单位法求得半致死质量浓度。结果表明,同一种重金属对3种不同养殖生物的毒性存在明显差异(P0.05),Hg对菲律宾蛤仔、刺参及褐牙鲆3种养殖生物的96 hLC50分别为0.134 mg·L~(-1)、0.0246 mg·L~(-1)及0.238 mg·L~(-1);Cu为0.323 mg·L~(-1)、0.0499 mg·L~(-1)及0.975 mg·L~(-1);As为2.464 mg·L~(-1)、0.301 mg·L~(-1)及8.345 mg·L~(-1);Cd为2.843 mg·L~(-1)、1.111 mg·L~(-1)及6.787 mg·L~(-1);Zn为30.246 mg·L~(-1)、0.449 mg·L~(-1)及17.114 mg·L~(-1);Cr为32.591 mg·L~(-1)、2.205 mg·L~(-1)及95.137 mg·L~(-1)。6种重金属对菲律宾蛤仔毒性强弱:HgCuAsCdZnCr;对刺参毒性:HgCuAsZnCdCr;对褐牙鲆毒性:HgCuCdAsZnCr。综合结果表明:Hg、Cu毒性最强,Cd、As及Zn次之,Cr毒性最弱。研究结果可为海水增养殖区重金属风险评价提供理论依据。     

UASB改进型反应器在造纸废水处理中的应用

由于纸浆造纸工艺的改进以及节水的显著成效,使得造纸厂排放废水的有机物浓度越来越高,厌氧加好氧运行的系统在纸浆造纸行业也越来越多的推广起来。本文着重介绍并比较工程中常见的几种厌氧反应器的工艺特点以及参数选择。     

Photostabilization of the botanical insecticide azadirachtin in the presence of lecithin as UV protectant

Abstract

The phytochemical insecticide, azadirachtin (AZ), undergoes UV‐induced photodegradation. Using the isomer AZ‐A as a standard, its photochemical stability was studied with and without adding lecithin surfactant as a UV protectant. Standard solutions of pure AZ‐A and Margosan‐O^® were prepared in methanol‐hexane with (AZ‐A:lecithin, 1:2 by weight) and without lecithin, applied separately onto glass plates and maple (Acer L.) foliage and exposed to radiant energy under controlled conditions. Noticeable photostabilization of AZ‐A was achieved in the samples containing lecithin compared to AZ‐A samples without the lecithin additive. First‐order kinetic evaluation of the data showed that the DTy₅₀ (half‐life) and C (rate constant) values for AZ‐A with and without lecithin on glass plates were 5.68 d and 0.122, and 5.42 d and 0.128, respectively. The corresponding values for the Margosan‐0 formulation were 7.37 d and 0.094, and 6.24 d and 0.111. The DT₅₀ and C values for the pure AZ‐A on maple foliage with and without lecithin were 8.77 d and 0.079, and 6.54 d and 0.106, respectively. The corresponding values for the Margosan‐0 formulation on foliage were 8.35 d and 0.083, and 7.45 d and 0.093. The kinetic data gave quantitative information regarding the photostabilization of AZ‐A in the presence of lecithin. Good UV protection can only be achieved if the additive has the matching X_max of AZ‐A. The mechanism of photostabilization of AZ‐A in the presence of lecithin was due to either energy transfer from the excited AZ‐A to lecithin and/or competitive absorption of UV photons by the latter.     

黄石市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子浓度特征及来源分析

为研究黄石市大气PM_2.5中水溶性离子组成、质量浓度变化特征及来源,于2012年3月-2013年2月在湖北省黄石市利用MiniVol颗粒物采样器采集PM_2.5样品,用离子色谱分析了9种水溶性离子（NH₄+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+、Cl-、NO₃-、SO₄2-、F-）的质量浓度,并采用PMF（正定矩阵因子分析法）模型讨论了不同离子的来源.结果表明:观测期间黄石市大气PM_2.5中ρ（总水溶性离子）的年均值为（61.5±26.8）μg/m3,占ρ（PM_2.5）的63.9%,各离子质量浓度的高低顺序依次为ρ（SO₄2-）> ρ（NO₃-）> ρ（NH₄+）> ρ（Na+）> ρ（Cl-）> ρ（Ca2+）> ρ（K+）> ρ（F-）> ρ（Mg2+）.二次无机离子SNA（为SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+的统称）是水溶性离子的主要成分,占全部所测水溶性离子的74.4%.ρ（NO₃-）/ρ（SO₄2-）范围为0.12~1.29,平均值为0.53±0.30,说明全年观测点附近主要以固定源污染为主.4个季节的SOR（硫氧化率）和NOR（氮氧化率）均大于0.10,说明黄石市PM_2.5中的SO₄2-和NO₃-主要是经二次转化形成的.阴、阳离子相关性研究发现,4个季节阴、阳离子总体相关性（R2为0.98）较好,并且全年PM_2.5组分偏酸性.通过PMF模型源解析发现,黄石市大气PM_2.5中水溶性离子主要来源于燃烧源、二次转化源和土壤/矿物扬尘源.研究显示,黄石市大气PM_2.5中主要水溶性离子成分是SNA,燃烧、二次转化和土壤/矿物扬尘是其主要来源.      

内循环（1C）厌氧反应器在废水处理中的应用

介绍了内循环（IC）厌氧反应器的基本原理,分析了IC厌氧反应器的工艺特点,即IC厌氧反应器是新型高效厌氧生物反应器,扼述了IC厌氧反应器在废水处理中的应用进展及前景。     

ZL50装载机的噪声源识别及降噪处理

采用频谱分析法和相干函数法，利用2230型精密声级计和HP3562动态信号分析仪，对ZL50装载机的噪声进行测试和信号分析，提出了进一步降噪的建议。     

年产10万t啤酒项目废水处理工艺设计及运行分析

在详细调查啤酒企业生产工艺和废水排放情况的基础上,确定了以IC厌氧反应器和一体化氧化沟联合工艺处理10万t·a-1啤酒企业废水的工艺路线及主要设计参数,讨论了采用该工艺处理啤酒废水时的运行情况和处理效果.结果表明:IC厌氧反应器CODCr有机负荷为6 kg·(m3·d)-1时,CODCr去除率为85%以上,一体化氧化沟CODCr有机负荷为0.5 kg·(m3·d)-1时,CODCr去除率为90%以上,出水ρ(COD)小于80 mg·L-1,完全可满足废水处理要求,且具有良好的环境效益和经济收益.     

Multivariate Statistics of the Pyrolysis Products of High Molecular Components in Pulping Wastewaters to Explain Their Toxicity (6 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope At present, large-scale paper manufacture involves delignification and bleaching by elemental chlorine free (ECF) or totally chlorine free (TCF) processes. The wastewater is purified by secondary treatment (mechanical, chemical and biological) which removes most of the toxic substances from the discharge. However, we found residual toxicity in the high molecular (> 1000 D) matter (HMWM) of the discharge by test of the RET (reverse electronic transfer) inhibition. This fraction consists mainly of polydisperse lignin (LIG) and carbohydrate (CH) macromolecules. Structural units in these molecules are studied by pyrolysis gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS). In the present work, our aim was to find out those structural units which could explain the RET toxicity of LIG or CH molecules. We compared statistically RET toxicity values of the HMWM samples from treated wastewaters of pilot pulping experiments and intensity variation of the pyrolysis product gas chromatograms of these samples. This application is a novel study procedure. Methods Pyrolysis products (Py-GC/MS results) and inhibition of RET (reverse electronic transport toxicity) as TU50 and TU20 of HMWM (High Molecular Weight Material; Mw > 1000 D) were compared by multivariate statistics. The samples were from laboratory pilot stages of TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) and ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) manufacture of softwood pulp. Py-GC/MS was done without and with addition of TMAH (Tetra Methyl Ammonium Hydroxide). The name and structure of each abundant fragment compound was identified from its retention time and mass spectrum compared to authentic reference compounds or literature. Four sets of Toxicity Units (TUs) and GC peak areas of the pyrolysis fragments were obtained. The data were normalized by division with LIG (lignin content of each sample). TU values were dependent and the fragment values independent (explanatory) variables in statistical treatments by SPSS system. Separate analyses of correlations, principal components (PCA) and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) were performed from the four sample sets TCF and ECF with and without TMAH. Results and Discussion From the CH fragments, 2-furfural in TCF, and from the LIG fragments, styrene in ECF showed the highest probabilities to originate from source structures of toxicity. Other possible compounds in concern were indicated to be CH fragment 2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one in ECF and LIG fragments 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, 4,5-dimethoxy-2-methylphenol and 2-methylphenol in TCF.