Comparative in vitro metabolism of chloroxylenol,chlorophene, and triclosan with rat,mouse, and human hepatic microsomes

A number of studies have reported the presence of chlorinated phenols, commonly used as antiseptics, in the environment. Chloroxylenol, chlorophene, and triclosan are three such chemicals believed to have leached into water supplies through the wastewater treatment facilities. Understanding how these compounds are metabolized is important in determining the risks of chemical exposure. In this study, we compared the in vitro metabolism of these three chlorinated phenols with rat, mouse, and human liver microsomes. The structures of the metabolites formed during the microsomal reactions were identical when rat, mouse, and human liver extracts were used, but variations existed in the kinetics of the reactions.     

Determination of pentachlorophenol in human urine using solid phase extraction and GC‐MS analysis with stable isotope dilution

A method for the determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in human urine was developed. Urine samples were fortified with ¹³C₆‐IabeIed PCP and hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid prior to extraction. The urine samples were then passed through preconditioned solid phase extraction cartridges containing octadecylsilane adsorbent. The PCP was subsequently eluted from the cartridge with ethyl acetate and converted to pentachloroanisole prior to GC‐MS analysis. GC‐MS quantitation was performed using the technique of stable isotope dilution. Percent recoveries averaging 100, 97, and 111% were obtained for replicate urine samples fortified with approximately 2, 20, and 200 ng/mL of PCP, respectively. The method detection limit was estimated to be 0.2 ng/mL.     

基于液相色谱法分析水环境中大环内酯类抗生素污染的研究进展

大环内酯抗生素广泛使用,在水环境中的残留越来越引起世界关注.本文综述了国内外基于液相色谱技术分析水环境中大环内酯的方法,比较不同预处理法以及分析方法的灵敏度和检出限.固相萃取法可以同时富集和净化,消耗试剂少,方便,野外操作可行,是理想的预处理技术.液相色谱串联质谱技术选择性好、特异性高、灵敏度高,可以检测浓度低于ng.L-1的目标物,是一种可靠理想的分析方法.最后对大环内酯分析研究进行了展望.     

采用代谢流量分析方法评估二噁英对细胞的代谢干扰

以肝癌细胞HepG2为供试细胞,选用5个不同浓度的二噁英（0、0.001、0.01、0.1和1.0 nmol.L-1）,探讨2,3,7,8-TCDD对HepG2细胞的毒性效应.采用90%甲醇离心法实现蛋白与代谢产物的分离,建立了高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）分析胞外液中的23种代谢产物（20种氨基酸、乳酸、甘油和尿素）的方法.建立的HPLC-MS/MS分析方法对各化合物的加标回收率可达91%—105%之间,化合物浓度的标准偏差均小于10%.在此基础上,结合代谢流量分析系统研究了2,3,7,8-TCDD对HepG2细胞内代谢流的影响.结果表明,随着浓度的增高,2,3,7,8-TCDD对HepG2细胞代谢的干扰作用呈增强趋势.2,3,7,8-TCDD降低了细胞对葡萄糖的吸收,并进一步抑制了HepG2细胞糖酵解的速率.此外,2,3,7,8-TCDD导致了HepG2细胞乳酸代谢流的明显增加,由此使细胞产生了过量的乳酸.     

环境中氟喹诺酮类抗生素残留检测和去除研究进展

环境样品中的氟喹诺酮类抗生素(FQs)残留浓度低,干扰因素复杂,其检测需要采用多个预处理步骤,固相萃取回收率和重现性好,在实际样品预处理中常采用。检测方法包括毛细管电泳分析法、酶联免疫吸附法以及LC与ECD、FLD、UV、MS联用等。毛细管电泳法速度快,敏度低,检出限高;酶联免疫吸附法检测速度快,但存在交叉反应。高效液相色谱联用质谱检测(HPLC-MS/MS)灵敏度高,选择性好,是比较理想的分析方法。FQs污染物降解方法包括污泥吸附、光降解和高级氧化。光降解和高级氧化技术成本较高,反应副产物可能存在环境风险。污泥颗粒吸附FQs效果好,吸附FQs后,污泥颗粒可通过高温碳化活化制备活性炭,使FQs在高温下得到较彻底降解的同时,实现污泥的资源化利用,是较具前景的去除FQs的方法。     

柳州市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源

采用气相色谱/质谱联用技术(GC/MS)检测了柳州市大气颗粒物样品中的PAHs,比较了柳州市各区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃含量的差异以及不同季节对多环芳烃含量的影响,讨论了其分布规律及污染源。     

Multiannual trend of microcystin production in the toxic cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens in Lake Garda (Italy)

Massive developments (blooms) of cyanobacteria represent a major concern in many natural and artificial waterbodies, because of the high levels of toxins that can be released into water. Microcystins, potent hepatotoxins, represent the most frequent toxins produced by cyanobacteria. The determination of the microcystins’ profile in waterbodies is important for determining the real toxic potential. We have investigated the evolution of the microcystins’ profile of Lake Garda (Italy) from both a qualitative and a quantitative point of view over a period of five years. We have also analysed possible correlations between toxin profile and selected environmental parameters. We found that a demethylated microcystin variant (RRdm) was always dominant but showing a cyclic trend, alternating periods in which it represented the only variant, and periods in which other variants were present (LRdm, HtyrRdm, RR, and LR). These changes are probably due to changes in chemotypes composition inside the resident Planktothrix rubescens population and do not seem to be exclusively linked to the considered environmental variables. Total microcystin concentrations were always low (in the ng?L^?1 scale), and showed typical peaks in the metalimnetic layer during summer–autumn time of each year.     

液相色谱结合串联质谱方法研究中国沿海贝类中脂溶性藻毒素的种类结构和分布规律

一些海洋微藻能分泌产生藻毒素,滤食性的双壳贝类食用有毒的浮游微藻并在体内累积藻毒素,进而引发贝类食用者或其它高等级动物中毒或死亡。脂溶性藻毒素是一些易溶于有机溶剂、因而易富集于动物脂肪组织中的微藻毒素,通常包含6大类,每种类均包括众多结构。使用高效液相色谱结合串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）技术方法,研究了来自中国沿海55个站位的34种贝类中脂溶性藻毒素的种类结构及分布。结果表明,在中国沿海多种双壳贝类体内,存在多种脂溶性藻毒素组份,包括软海绵酸毒素OA（Okadaic acid）、扇贝毒素PTXs（Pectenotoxin）、原多甲藻酸Azaspiracid（AZAs）毒素、虾夷扇贝毒素 YTXs（Yesssotoxin）、环亚胺类毒素（Cyclic imines）中的 Gymnodimine（GYM）和 Spiroloides（SPX）毒素;其中南部海域的广东、广西和海南,主要以环亚胺类毒素 GYM 为主;北黄海主要以虾夷扇贝毒素 YTXs 为主,且虾夷扇贝毒素YTXs只在黄海海域检出,特别是主要存在于北黄海的虾夷扇贝（Patinopecten yessoensis）和栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）中;渤海沿岸,主要分布有扇贝毒素PTXs;扇贝毒素PTXs和虾夷扇贝毒素 YTXs含量和检出频率都比较高;扇贝毒素共发现三种结构,其中酸式结构PTX-2Sa的检出率最高（44%）,最高值为53.2μg·kg-1;其次是环亚胺类毒素中的GYM毒素,检出率为35.3%,最高值为39.1μg·kg-1;虾夷扇贝毒素 YTXs共发现三种结构,北黄海浮筏养殖虾夷扇贝中的虾夷扇贝毒素YTXs总量最高值出现在秋季的9月份;中国北黄海虾夷扇贝中YTXs毒素长年存在,秋季含量较高。微藻毒素的分布取决于产毒微藻的分布,目前中国贝类中的这三种主要微藻毒素的生物学来源还尚未确定。简言之,中国海产贝类中存在扇贝毒素PTXs、虾夷扇贝毒素 YTXs和环亚胺类毒素等多种脂溶性微藻毒素?     

Simultaneous quantification of several classes of antibiotics in water,sediments, and fish muscles by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Precise and sensitive methods for the simultaneous determination of different classes of antibiotics, including sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim in surface water, sediments, and fish muscles were developed. In water samples, drugs were extracted with solid-phase extraction （SPE） by passing 1000 mL of water through hydrophilic lipophilic balanced （HLB） SPE cartridges. Sediment samples were solvent-extracted, followed by tandem SPE （strong anion exchange （SAX） ＋ HLB） clean-ups. Fish muscles were extracted by a mixture of acetonitrile and citric buffer （80：20, v/v） solution, and cleaned by SPE. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/ MS） with multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） detection was employed to quantify all compounds. The recoveries for the antibiotics in the spiked water, sediment, and fish samples were 60.2%-95.8%, 48.1%-105.3%, and 59.8%- 103.4%, respectively. The methods were applied to samples taken from Dianchi Lake, China. It showed that concentrations of the detected antibiotics ranged from limits of quantification （LOQ） to 713.6 ng- L1 （ofloxacin） in surface water and from less than LOQ to 344.8 μg·kg-1 （sulphamethoxazole） in sediments. The number of detected antibiotics and the overall antibiotic concentrations were higher in the urban area than the rural area, indicating the probable role of livestock and human activities as important sources of antibiotic contamination. In fish muscles, the concentration of norfioxacin was the highest （up to 38.5 μg·kg-1）, but tetracyclines and macrolides were relatively low. Results showed that the methods were rapid and sensitive, and capable of determining several classes of antibiotics from each of the water, sediment, and fish matrices in a single run.     

Simultaneous quantification of several classes of antibiotics in water,sediments, and fish muscles by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Precise and sensitive methods for the simultaneous determination of different classes of antibiotics, including sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim in surface water, sediments, and fish muscles were developed. In water samples, drugs were extracted with solid-phase extraction (SPE) by passing 1000 mL of water through hydrophilic lipophilic balanced (HLB) SPE cartridges. Sediment samples were solvent-extracted, followed by tandem SPE (strong anion exchange (SAX) + HLB) clean-ups. Fish muscles were extracted by a mixture of acetonitrile and citric buffer (80:20, v/v) solution, and cleaned by SPE. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) detection was employed to quantify all compounds. The recoveries for the antibiotics in the spiked water, sediment, and fish samples were 60.2%–95.8%, 48.1%–105.3%, and 59.8%–103.4%, respectively. The methods were applied to samples taken from Dianchi Lake, China. It showed that concentrations of the detected antibiotics ranged from limits of quantification (LOQ) to 713.6 ng·L^-1 (ofloxacin) in surface water and from less than LOQ to 344.8 μg·kg^-1 (sulphamethoxazole) in sediments. The number of detected antibiotics and the overall antibiotic concentrations were higher in the urban area than the rural area, indicating the probable role of livestock and human activities as important sources of antibiotic contamination. In fish muscles, the concentration of norfloxacin was the highest (up to 38.5 μg·kg^-1), but tetracyclines and macrolides were relatively low. Results showed that the methods were rapid and sensitive, and capable of determining several classes of antibiotics from each of the water, sediment, and fish matrices in a single run.