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601.
602.
To establish a concise and rapid procedure to analyze hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers in flame-retarded textiles, three different methods of extraction—Soxhlet, ultrasonic, and soaking extractions with toluene and dichloromethane (DCM)—were compared. During Soxhlet extraction using toluene, the percent contribution of α-HBCD to total HBCDs increased slightly and that of γ-HBCD decreased, indicating that γ-HBCD was isomerized to some extent at the boiling point of toluene (110.6 °C). For ultrasonic extraction, the temperature of the water bath can easily increase over time during the procedure, which might lead to undesirable effects. Therefore, we considered soaking extraction with DCM to be the most facile procedure to analyze HBCD diastereomers in textiles. Using the method established in this study, commercially available textiles in Japan (n = 10) were analyzed to understand the actual composition of HBCD contents and its diastereomer profiles. With the exception of one textile sample, HBCDs were detected in all the samples analyzed, with concentrations ranging from 22 000 to 43 000 mg kg−1 (i.e. 2.2–4.3%). We found a higher proportion of the α-diastereomer in most textile products compared with that of commercial HBCD mixtures, indicating that γ-HBCD isomerized to α-diastereomer by heating processes to incorporate the commercial formulation into treated materials or that the α-diastereomer preferentially absorbed onto textile materials during the manufacturing of flame-retarded consumer products. 相似文献
603.
Nicolai D. Jablonowski Stephan Köppchen Andreas Schäffer 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(7):2126-2131
Twenty-two years after the last application of ring-14C-labeled atrazine at customary rate (1.7 kg ha−1) on an agriculturally used outdoor lysimeter, atrazine is still detectable by means of accelerated solvent extraction and LC-MS/MS analysis. Extractions of the 0-10 cm soil layer yielded 60% of the residual 14C-activity. The extracts contained atrazine (1.0 μg kg−1) and 2-hydroxy-atrazine (42.5 μg kg−1). Extractions of the material of the lowest layer 55-60 cm consisting of fine gravel yielded 93% of residual 14C-activity, of which 3.4 μg kg−1 was detected as atrazine and 17.7 μg kg−1 was 2-hydroxy-atrazine. The detection of atrazine in the lowest layer was of almost four times higher mass than in the upper soil layer. These findings highlight the fact that atrazine is unexpectedly persistent in soil. The overall persistence of atrazine in the environment might represent a potential risk for successive groundwater contamination by leaching even after 22 years of environmental exposure. 相似文献
604.
Risk assessment for human consumption of perfluorinated compound-contaminated freshwater and marine fish from Hong Kong and Xiamen 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are man-made fluoro-surfactants that are identified as global pollutants and can pose health risks to humans and wildlife. Two aspects of risk assessment were conducted in this study, including exposure and response. Exposure was estimated by using the concentrations of PFCs in fish and applying standard exposure factors. Among different PFCs, PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUdA and PFTrDA were detected. Total concentrations of PFC in fish ranged from 0.27-8.4 ng g−1 to 0.37-8.7 ng g−1 respectively in Hong Kong and Xiamen. The calculated hazard ratio (HR) of PFOS for all fish was less than 1.0. However, the HR for mandarin fish in Hong Kong and bighead carp, grass carp and tilapia in Xiamen, had HR values of approximately 0.5, indicating that frequent consumption of these 4 more contaminated fish species might pose an unacceptable risk to human health. Our data support the notion that the released/disposed chemical pollutants into water systems make fish a source of environmental toxicants to humans. The risks and potential effects of PFCs to health of coastal population in the Pearl River Delta are of concern. 相似文献
605.
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607.
Céline Liaud Michel Brucher Claude Schummer Clara Coscollà Hélène Wolff Jean-Jacques Schwartz 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2016,51(10):703-714
Atmospheric samples have been collected between 14 March and 12 September 2012 on a 2-week basis (15 days of sampling and exchange of traps each 7 days) in Strasbourg (east of France) for the analysis of 43 pesticides. Samples (particle and gas phases) were separately extracted using Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) and pre-concentrated by Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME) before analysis by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Four SPME consecutive injections at distinct temperatures were made in order to increase the sensitivity of detection for the all monitored pesticides. Currently used detected pesticides can be grouped in four classes; those used in maize crops (acetochlor, benoxacor, dicamba, s-metolachlor, pendimethalin, and bromoxynil), in cereal crops (benoxacor, chlorothalonil, fenpropimorph, and propiconazole), in vineyards (tebuconazole), and as herbicides for orchards, meadows of green spaces (2,4-MCPA, trichlopyr). This is in accordance with the diversity of crops found in the Alsace region and trends observed are in accordance with the period of application of these pesticides. Variations observed permit also to demonstrate that the long time sampling duration used in this study is efficient to visualize temporal variations of airborne pesticides concentrations. Then, long time high-volume sampling could be a simple method permitting atmospheric survey of atmospheric contamination without any long analysis time and consequently low cost. 相似文献
608.
Sérgio H. Monteiro Fabiana Garcia Kátia S. Gozi Daiane M. Romera Jeane G. Francisco Graziela C. R. Moura-Andrade 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2016,51(12):817-823
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between antibiotic residues found in the muscle of cage-farm-raised Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus), the occurrence of resistant bacteria, and the sanitary practices adopted by farmers in Ilha Solteira reservoir, Brazil. Nine fish (three small fish, 40–200 g; three medium-sized fish, 200–500 g; and three large fish, 500–800 g) were collected from four cage farms every three months from April 2013 to January 2014. Ten antibiotic residues were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and bacteria were isolated and tested for antibiotic resistance to determine the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index. Only three antibiotics (oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and florfenicol) were detected in the muscle of Nile tilapia, and their residues were the highest in small fish; however, the MAR index was higher in large fish. In addition, a direct positive relationship between the MAR index and the concentration of antibiotic residues in Nile tilapia was found. Overall, the adoption of prophylactic management practices improved the sanitary status of cage farms, reducing bacterial infections and hampering the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. 相似文献
609.
《Environmental Forensics》2013,14(3-4):303-321
In the last decade, PETROBRAS has experienced some significant oil spills cases and the PETROBRAS Research Center has played an important role in the company emergency response program by characterizing the spilled oil, monitoring the affected ecosystem, determining the fate of the oil in the environment, and, subsequently, helping the company in assessing the environmental damage. This paper presents the use of advanced chemical analytical techniques (GC/FID, P&T/GC/PID and GC/MS) in some Brazilian oil spill studies in order to determine fractions and individual petroleum hydrocarbons in different matrices such as water, groundwater, sediment, sand, fish and the spilled oil itself. The spill studies encompassed crude and fuel oil releases on land and coastal ecosystems, related to the incidents in Guanabara Bay (Rio de Janeiro), Barigui and Iguassu Rivers (Parana) and Sao Sebastiao Channel (Sao Paulo). Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), n -alkanes, isoprenoids, unresolved complex mixtures (UCM), volatile monoaromatic compounds--benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), parent and alkylated homologues polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and terpanes and steranes were characterized for determining correlation to the spilled oil and other known oil sources and environmental assessment. Some of the acute ecotoxicity data for water and sediment samples is also presented. 相似文献
610.
Perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are persistent organic pollutants that pose human health risks. However, sources of contamination and exposure pathways of PFCAs have not been explored. In this study, PFCA concentrations were quantified in personal care products. Among 24 samples that listed fluorinated compounds, such as polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), in their international nomenclature of cosmetic ingredients (INCI) labels, 21contained PFCAs (13 of 15 cosmetic samples, and 8 of 9 sunscreen samples). The concentrations of total PFCAs ranged from not detected to 5.9 μg g−1 for cosmetics and from not detected to 19 μg g−1 for sunscreens. We also investigated components of PFCAs in cosmetics and sunscreens. Commercially available compounding agents, mica and talc, which were treated with PAPs were analyzed and high concentrations of PFCAs were detected (total PFCAs 2.5 μg g−1 for talc treated with PAPs, 35.0 μg g−1 for mica treated with PAPs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on contamination of end consumer products containing PAPs with high concentrations of PFCAs. 相似文献