首都国际机场飞机排放清单的建立

将基于标准起飞着陆（LTO）循环各阶段工作时间的飞机排放量计算方法加以改进,利用AMDAR资料计算飞机的有效排放高度,进而准确计算出基于逐架飞机的大气污染物排放总量.结果表明,首都国际机场2013年飞机NO_x、CO、HC、SO₂和PM_2.5排放总量分别为7042.1t、3189.9t、295.3t、429.4t和150.4t.与传统的基于LTO循环的方法相比,修正后的首都机场飞机NO_x、CO、HC和SO₂排放增加了23.5%、2.3%、2.1%和18.1%.飞机排放的CO、HC、SO₂和PM_2.5月变化较小,NO_x排放受飞机有效排放高度影响月波动较大.1～2月飞机污染物排放量处于全年最低水平,8月各污染物排放达到峰值.此外,飞机在爬升和滑行/慢车两种模式下污染物排放比例最大,分别占排放总量的37.7%与36.8%.     

Comparative analysis of two tobacco surveillance questionnaires used in NHANES: accuracy of self-reported smoking status

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) uses two tobacco use surveillance questionnaires. One is administered during an at-home interview (HI) and the other, during an examination session at a mobile examination center (MEC). NHANES data for the years 1999–2012 were used to evaluate the consistency of responses to tobacco surveillance questions in HI and MEC interview. In addition, accuracy of self-reported smoking status was evaluated. Of those who reported to be daily cigarette smokers during HI, 18.7% reported to be either some-day smokers or nonsmokers during MEC interview. Of those who reported to be some-day cigarette smokers during HI, 22.1% reported to be daily smokers and 17.5% reported to be nonsmokers. Also, 4.1% of those who reported to be nonsmokers during HI reported to be either daily or some-day smokers during MEC interview. Using serum cotinine measurements taken during MEC interview, 27.1% were found to be smokers and 72.9% were found to be nonsmokers. In general, a moderate to high agreement, as measured by the κ statistic, was found between the self-reported responses to tobacco use questions during the home and MEC interviews as well as between smoking statuses based on self-reported and serum cotinine measurements.     

蒲河致嗅类VOSCs污染水平与空间分布及其影响因素

为研究蒲河中致嗅类VOSCs(挥发性有机硫化物)的污染水平、空间分布及其影响因素,采用吹扫捕集(P&T)与气相色谱(GC)/火焰光度检测器(FPD)联用方法,测定水样中14种致嗅类VOSCs的质量浓度,采用相关性分析确定水质因子〔ρ(DO)、ρ(NH₃-N)、ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(BOD₅)〕对ρ(∑VOSCs)空间分布的影响. 结果表明:所调查的27个采样点中各目标化合物均有检出,ρ(∑VOSCs)的范围为85.82~1 766.04 ng/L;DMS(甲硫醚)为最主要的污染物,ρ(DMS)平均值为114.29 ng/L,检出率为96.30%,变异系数为0.42. ρ(DO)与ρ(∑VOSCs)显著相关,Pearson相关系数为-0.751,对ρ(∑VOSCs)的空间分布影响最大;其次是ρ(NH₃-N),Pearson相关系数为0.441;ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(BOD₅)与ρ(∑VOSCs)不相关.      

Traditional management of lagoons for fishery can be inconsistent with restoration purposes: the Valli di Comacchio study case

We gathered water and macrobenthic data over a 5-year period in the Valli di Comacchio, the largest lagoons in the Po River Delta (northern Adriatic), to evaluate the response of ecological indices and to test their sensitivity against environmental variables. Of 84 sampling points, only 12 exhibited a good/high ecological quality status according to the BITS and 28 according to the M-AMBI. Environmental variables representative of eutrophication did not correlate with the indices. The impacts experienced by the Valli during the last 30 years seem to have led to disruption of the pelagic–benthic food web. Eel fisheries, whose management is traditionally characterised by long water residence time, thus seem inconsistent with restoration purposes.     

水质氨氮在线监测仪发展现状

主要对不同类型水质氨氮在线监测仪的方法原理、主要技术指标及目前国内外仪器型号等进行了叙述和比较。     

浙江省火电厂脱硫旁路开启现状及取消对策

介绍了浙江省火电厂应对旁路铅封采取的措施,比对了铅封前后旁路开启的情况和造成的影响,对造成旁路开启的原因进行了分析,提出了实施取消旁路应关注的要点。     

Use of biomarkers in zooplankton for assessment of the ‘health status’ of marine and brackish environments: a short overview

The biomarker approach has been used for 25 years to study the environmental quality of marine, brackish and freshwater ecosystems. Biomarkers may indicate health status and can be applied to organisms of all zoological phyla by destructive or non destructive methods. For 5 years we have been using this approach in zooplankton to detect ecotoxicological alterations at low levels of the food chain due to contaminants. Here we review our approach to validate and apply biomarker techniques in zooplankton. We discuss advantages, limitations, some results and future research. We indicate that biomarkers in zooplankton can be used as new indices of trophic status and ecological integrity of Italian marine coastal and lagoon environments, to be included among the tools specified by Italian law D.Lgs. 152/2006.     

工业VOCs气体处理技术应用状况调查分析

在调研大量工业VOCs气体处理工程案例的基础上,分析了不同工业VOCs气体处理技术的应用状况,包括不同处理技术在国内外的市场占有率、处理气体流量、VOCs浓度、VOCs种类以及所应用的行业等.结果表明,催化氧化、吸附、生物法是应用较多的VOCs处理技术.冷凝、膜分离和吸附工艺多用于处理浓度大于10000mg/m3的VOCs气体,并可回收VOCs;催化燃烧、热力燃烧工艺多用于处理浓度2000~10000 mg/m3且不具回收价值的VOCs气体;生物处理、等离子体多用于处理浓度低于2000mg/m3的VOCs气体.在进行VOCs处理技术选择时,应综合考虑VOCs气体特性(VOCs浓度、流量、温湿度、颗粒物含量)、VOCs处理技术的技术经济性能、排放标准等因素.     

新烟碱类农药的污染现状及转化行为研究进展

新烟碱类(neonicotinoids)农药自在20世纪80年代中期引入以来,便发展成为世界上使用最广泛的一类杀虫剂。近年来,该类化合物在环境中被不断检出,并通过饮用水和食物等方式进入食物链,给人类健康带来极大的安全隐患。文章综述了新烟碱类杀虫剂在空气、土壤、水相、生物体和人体中的暴露浓度,以及这类农药在环境中的转化行为。目前针对新烟碱类杀虫剂的环境暴露研究仍十分有限,需要更全面调查其在多环境介质中的暴露状况以综合评价其生态风险。关于新烟碱类化合物的毒理学研究主要集中在急性毒性试验,而对于其他形式的毒性效应有待进一步研究。最后对新烟碱农药未来的研究重点和方向提出了展望。     

我国近岸海域环境功能区划制度发展现状及对策

近岸海域环境功能区划制度在保护近海环境质量、维护海洋生态功能等方面发挥了重要作用,已经成为近岸海域环境保护规划的基础和环境监督管理的依据.在国家加快推进陆海、城乡国土空间统筹和优化的背景下,要实现近岸海域生态系统服务功能保护、水质持续改善等目标要求,仅明确近岸海域和沿岸陆域生态环境保护空间格局难以满足海洋生态环境保护需求,还需进一步明确近岸海域生态环境保护目标体系.近岸海域环境功能区划制度已经实施20余年,目前呈现出法律地位不足、功能分类体系与近岸海域生态环境保护要求不一致、功能区目标间协调性不足、调整频繁、各省份近岸海域环境功能区监管工作不统一等问题.因此,应重新定位近岸海域环境功能区在海洋环境管理中的作用,强化对其所确定的近岸海域环境功能的保护,并由环境功能保护的需求进一步提出水质保护、生态保护目标,将近岸海域环境功能区划作为全国近岸海域生态环境目标空间管理的依据.在此基础上,提出提升近岸海域环境功能区的法律地位、构建科学合理的近岸海域环境功能区分类体系、基于生态系统管理理念制定海洋环境保护目标、严格功能区划调整程序、完善近岸海域环境功能区监管制度等对策建议,为完善近岸海域环境功能区划制度提供借鉴.