Das neue Chemikalienprogramm von UNEP Chemicals

Zusammenfassung  UNEP International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) wurde von der ersten VN-Umweltkonferenz 1972 geschaffen. Sein Einfu? und Zusammenwirken in den 80ziger Jahren mit anderen internationalen Programmen der WHO, FAO, OECD und EG in der Chemikalienkontrolle wird beschrieben. Nach dem Erdgipfel von Rio 1992 werden im VN-Rahmen drei neue Gremien gebildet, die das Fachprogramm des Kapitels 19 der Agenda 21 (umweltfreundliches Chemikalienmanagement) umsetzen sollen: die United nations Commission of Sustainable Development, das Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety und das Interorganization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. Der Erdgipfel brachte auch für IRPTC eine Neuorientierung. Seit 1996 hat UNEP Chemicals, wie sich IRPTC nunmehr nennt, drei Aufgaben in sein Arbeitsprogramm aufgenommen, die beschrieben werden: das internationale übereinkommen zum Prior Informed Consent, das internationale übereinkommen zur Kontrolle der Persistent Organic Pollutants, und schlie?lich sein traditionelles Arbeitsgebiet des Informations-austausches über Stoffe wird weitergeführt.

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Die Aussagen dieses Beitrages sind die Meinung des Autors. Sie müssen nicht mit der Auffassung des Umweitbundesamtes oder von UNEP Chemicals übereinstimmen.     

International externalities, strategic interaction, and domestic politics

Domestic politics can sometimes play an influential role when externalities have strategic and international implications. If voters delegate the choice to policymakers and if individual countries independently determine their environmental policy using a consumption tax on the emissions generating good, the result could be an outcome that is inferior to the one preferred by the median voter in the absence of delegation. On the other hand, if the international externality is unilateral in nature, rather than reciprocal, we find that delegation is largely irrelevant, since voters’ choice of policymaker is no longer strategic in character. Similarly, if voters anticipate policymakers successfully coordinating their policies at a later stage, there also will be no difference between the policymakers’ and the median voters’ aggregate weighting of environmental emissions.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Juniperus oxycedrus</Emphasis> ssp.<Emphasis Type="Italic">macrocarpa</Emphasis> in SW Spain: Ecology and conservation problems

Woodlands of the Mediterranean speciesJuniperus oxycedrus ssp.macrocarpa (maritime juniper) are both vulnerable and ecologically important. Their ecology and biological status along the SW coast of Spain are not well known; this, the first major study of these juniper populations is a basis for future research and restoration policies. These communities are subject to harsh conditions, the plant composition being controlled by several factors at different scales. On a large scale, climate and soil texture play an important role in controlling the soil water availability to plants, and in separating xerophytic from mesic communities. On a small scale, coastal physiography, and substrate composition are related to differences in the floristic composition. Coastal plantations modify environmental conditions, such as sand mobility and salt spray deposition, inducing important changes in plant communities. The population of maritime juniper on this coast was estimated in ca. 25 000 individuals, of which 93.6% are concentrated in three locations. Large proportions of young individuals were found in extensive and protected populations. Howerver, adult individuals dominated the smaller populations located under pine plantations. This limitation of recruitment may be imposed by several factors. A male biased ratio was detected on the southern coast of Cádiz, which I hypothesize is due to the lower cost of pollen production in a stressful habitat. Preservation of suitable habitats, the recovery of abandoned pine plantations, and the connection between juniper populations, seem to be important requisites for the conservation of maritime juniper in the southwestern coast of Spain.     

电子废物现状评述与资源化初探

电子垃圾是目前增长速度最快的固体废物之一,对其不合理处置和利用已引起了日趋严峻的环境污染。文章从电子废物的危害及回收利用的角度,概述了当前国内外数量巨大的电子废物的污染现状及其回收利用处理技术,并结合国内实际,从电子废物的回收系统和资源化处理利用技术方面提出了具有可行性的建议和设想。     

2006年河南省环境空气自动监测系统运行现状分析

文章根据河南省环境监测中心站2006年对全省18个城市空气质量空气自动监测系统的巡检,介绍了河南省空气自动监测系统的运行现状以及存在的问题,由于河南省空气自动监测仪器运行时间普遍较长,部分仪器老化严重,已影响了空气自动监测系统的正常运行,建议各省辖市加强仪器能力建设、人员培训、保证运行经费,为空气自动监测创造一个良好的运行环境.     

汉江干流水质现状与变化趋势分析

对汉江干流水质现状进行了分析评价并探讨了主要监测指标的变化趋势。指出汉江水质以 、 类为主,总体较好,襄樊白家湾以上河段的水质明显好于下游河段,水质相对较差的断面主要是城镇控制断面。汉江主要污染物是总磷。水质在不同水期的变化为:平水期好于丰水期,丰水期好于枯水期。16年间,高锰酸盐指数和氨氮分别有37.5%和25%的断面年均值呈上升趋势。     

新<海洋环境保护法>与有关国际公约的实施

概述了新《海洋环境保护法》与《73/ 78防污公约》、《1990年国际油污防备、反应和合作公约》、《1992年国际油污损害民事责任公约》等有关国际防污公约相关条款的相互关系及其实施     

战略环境评价的国际研究动向

战略环境评价是国际上近年来的研究热点,但就目前来看还没有对其形成统一的认识和理解。以近年来相关研究的文章和案例为基础,总结并阐述了国际上战略环境评价研究的3个明显的动向:以决策为目标的战略环境评价,以传统环境影响评价为基础的战略环境评价和与可持续发展战略结合的战略环境评价。     

楚雄州污染治理设施运行现状分析

楚雄州废水、废气治理设施的正常运行率分别为７６．３％和９５．１％。形成管种状况的原因是环保投资不足、环保科技投入不足、环境产品市场管理不规范、监督管理滞后以及环保意识薄弱。应从以上诸方面大力加以改进，以提高污染治理投放的运行率。     

抚顺市大气降尘污染状况及变化趋势分析

对抚顺市20年来城市环境空气中自然降尘的污染状况及变化趋势进行了全面分析。分析认为抚顺市环境中自然降尘的污染比较重,其中工业区的污染十分严重，交通区的污染也呈上升趋势，近几年由于沙尘天气的频繁出现，导致春季污染加重。并针对降尘的污染状况及变化趋势，提出相应的治理办法及防治途径。