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801.
根据主体特征,将污染转嫁分为涉外污染转嫁和内部污染转嫁。其法律责任包括行政责任,民事责任和刑事责任。分别就这三种责任的构成要件及责任分担,作了具体分析,并提出了作者的见解。 相似文献
802.
803.
本文对散打比赛中散打运动员合理的运用技战术稳定的心理状态及散打运动员不良的心理状态的分析,提出有效的心理调节的训练方法。 相似文献
804.
环境(非关税)贸易壁垒判析及其对策探讨 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
WTO中有关环境的,国际环境公约、ISO14000、等有关条款,本身并非绿色贸易壁垒,基于此,分析了绿色贸易壁垒的起因特征,对其相模糊的条款与规定,有可能成为绿色贸易壁垒的误区作了判析,提出了绿色贸易壁垒的5种形式:环境税、市场准入、环境技术标准、环境标志和贸易制裁,以及我国的对策思路。 相似文献
805.
畋论环境权救济法律制度的基本内容和结构-从环境权的视角分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
简要介绍了环境权理论及其法律实践,指出应当同时从实体意义和程序意义两个方面来理解和把握环境权;明确和界定了“救济”的含义,并进一步指出环境权救济法律制度包括 环境民事救济法和环境行政救济法两大部分。而前者又可分为环境侵害的民事排除和环境侵权损害的民事赔偿法;后者又可分为环境侵害的行政排除法、环境侵权损害的行政补偿法、环境民事纠纷行政处理法、环境行政权损害的国家赔偿法等。 相似文献
806.
Integrating Habitat Status, Human Population Pressure, and Protection Status into Biodiversity Conservation Priority Setting 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
HUA SHI†† ASHIBINDU SINGH† SHASHI KANT ZHILIANG ZHU‡ ERIC WALLER‡§ 《Conservation biology》2005,19(4):1273-1285
Abstract: Priority setting is an essential component of biodiversity conservation. Existing methods to identify priority areas for conservation have focused almost entirely on biological factors. We suggest a new relative ranking method for identifying priority conservation areas that integrates both biological and social aspects. It is based on the following criteria: the habitat's status, human population pressure, human efforts to protect habitat, and number of endemic plant and vertebrate species. We used this method to rank 25 hotspots, 17 megadiverse countries, and the hotspots within each megadiverse country. We used consistent, comprehensive, georeferenced, and multiband data sets and analytical remote sensing and geographic information system tools to quantify habitat status, human population pressure, and protection status. The ranking suggests that the Philippines, Atlantic Forest, Mediterranean Basin, Caribbean Islands, Caucasus, and Indo-Burma are the hottest hotspots and that China, the Philippines, and India are the hottest megadiverse countries. The great variation in terms of habitat, protected areas, and population pressure among the hotspots, the megadiverse countries, and the hotspots within the same country suggests the need for hotspot- and country-specific conservation policies. 相似文献
807.
808.
An Evaluation of Threatened Species Categorization Systems Used on the American Continent 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Abstract: Endangered species lists are important tools in conservation. It is essential that these lists be prepared using categorization systems that objectively assess species extinction risk. To determine which threatened species categorization system is the most appropriate and the virtues and limitations of systems used on the American continent, we evaluated 25 categorization systems from 20 countries. These systems included examples of international lists, most national systems used on the American continent, and some systems independently proposed by academics. We based our assessment on 15 characteristics that categorization systems should have, in terms of categories, criteria, and other relevant issues, in order to evaluate species conservation status objectively. Of all evaluated systems, the current World Conservation Union system is the most suitable for assessing species extinction risk. Most categorization systems, but particularly national systems, have serious deficiencies and need to be improved substantially. We recommend governments use three types of lists: (1) threatened species lists constructed following a sound categorization system, (2) lists of species of conservation priority, and (3) lists that serve as normative tools (e.g., Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Additionally, the information used to categorize species should be explicit and available to the public. To make the most of threatened species lists in conservation, it is imperative that all countries use the same categorization system. 相似文献
809.
The Consistency of Extinction Risk Classification Protocols 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
TRACEY J. REGAN MARK A. BURGMAN† MICHAEL A. McCARTHY ‡ LAWRENCE L. MASTER§ DAVID A. KEITH GEORGINA M. MACE†† SANDY J. ANDELMAN‡‡ 《Conservation biology》2005,19(6):1969-1977
Abstract: Systematic protocols that use decision rules or scores are seen to improve consistency and transparency in classifying the conservation status of species. When applying these protocols, assessors are typically required to decide on estimates for attributes that are inherently uncertain. Input data and resulting classifications are usually treated as though they are exact and hence without operator error. We investigated the impact of data interpretation on the consistency of protocols of extinction risk classifications and diagnosed causes of discrepancies when they occurred. We tested three widely used systematic classification protocols employed by the World Conservation Union, NatureServe, and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. We provided 18 assessors with identical information for 13 different species to infer estimates for each of the required parameters for the three protocols. The threat classification of several of the species varied from low risk to high risk, depending on who did the assessment. This occurred across the three protocols investigated. Assessors tended to agree on their placement of species in the highest (50–70%) and lowest risk categories (20–40%), but there was poor agreement on which species should be placed in the intermediate categories. Furthermore, the correspondence between the three classification methods was unpredictable, with large variation among assessors. These results highlight the importance of peer review and consensus among multiple assessors in species classifications and the need to be cautious with assessments carried out by a single assessor. Greater consistency among assessors requires wide use of training manuals and formal methods for estimating parameters that allow uncertainties to be represented, carried through chains of calculations, and reported transparently. 相似文献
810.
No evidence for the work-conflict hypothesis in the eusocial naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber ) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The work-conflict hypothesis (Reeve 1992) postulates that in eusocial naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) colonies there is potential conflict between the breeding female and her non-breeding colony mates over how much aid they
provide in support of her reproduction. Non-breeders may withhold aid either because they are hopeful reproductives and/or
because they have less to gain in terms of inclusive fitness. Breeding females should, therefore, preferentially direct aggression
in the form of shoving (prolonged pushes usually involving nose-to-nose contact) towards large (hopeful reproductives) and
less related non-breeders to incite them to provide aid. This study tested the following predictions of the work-conflict
hypotheses. (1) There is kin bias in the shove rate of breeding females and work rates of non-breeders; (2) Shoving activates
work in non-breeders. We found no evidence to suggest that the breeding female shove rate and the amount of colony maintenance
activities performed by non-breeders is influenced by relatedness. Body size was a better predictor of work rate and shove
rate; large animals were shoved more and worked less. Furthermore, shoving did not affect the work rate of non-breeders and
rarely incited activity in inactive mole-rats. Individual mole-rats were also more likely to be shoved when already active
than when resting in the nest. These results suggest that shoving by the breeding female may have functions other than the
incitement of activity, such as the reproductive suppression of non-breeders.
Received: 17 January 1996 / Accepted after revision: 21 September 1996 相似文献