中国工业固体废物的现状和对策探讨

从固体废物的产生、分布、利用与处置、排放、污染以及危险废物等方面分析了我国工业固体废物的现状,得出了相应结论,即工业固体废物产生量增长势头得到了一定控制,与地区和行业有很大关系,其组成相对稳定,以及危险废物状况令人担忧等,最后提出了“九五"期间解决工业固体废物问题的具体对策。      

广州市城市垃圾终处理的现状及发展策略

结合广州市自然地理,社会经济条件,概括总结了广州市垃圾产出特点及垃圾终处理的发展阶段,重点分析了现有垃圾填埋场存在的问题及产生原因。在此基础上,提出了广州市垃圾终处理要“四个坚持”的发展策略。      

Understanding the drivers of expert opinion when classifying species as extinct

The criteria as laid out by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List are the gold standard by which the extinction risk of a species is assessed and where appropriate biological extinctions are declared. However, unlike all other categories, the category of extinct lacks a quantitative framework for assigning this category. Given its subjective nature, we surveyed expert assessors working on a diversity of taxa to explore the attributes they used to declare a species extinct. Using a choice experiment approach, we surveyed 674 experts from the IUCN Species Survival Commission specialist groups and taskforces. Data availability, time from the last sighting, detectability, habitat availability, and population decline were all important attributes favored by assessors when inferring extinction. Respondents with red-listing experience assigned more importance to the attributes data availability, time from the last sighting, and detectability when considering a species extinction, whereas those respondents working with well-known taxa gave more importance to the time from the last sighting. Respondents with no red-listing experience and those working with more well-known taxa (i.e., mammals and birds) were overall less likely to consider species extinct. Our findings on the importance assessors place on attributes used to declare a species extinct provide a basis for informing the development of specific criteria for more accurately assessing species extinctions.     

Avian Mortality at Oil Pits in the United States: A Review of the Problem and Efforts for Its Solution

Oil production operations produce waste fluids that may be stored in pits, open tanks, and other sites accessible to wildlife. Birds visit these fluid-filled pits and tanks (“oil pits”), which often resemble water sources, and may become trapped and die. The US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has a program to reduce these impacts by locating problem pits, documenting mortality of protected wildlife species, and seeking cleanup or corrective action at problem pits with the help of state and federal agencies regulating the oil industry. Species identification and verification of protected status for birds recovered from oil pits are performed at the USFWS National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory. From 1992 to 2005, a minimum of 2060 individual birds were identified from remains recovered from oil pits, representing 172 species from 44 families. The taxonomic and ecological diversity of these birds indicates that oil pits pose a threat to virtually all species of birds that encounter them. Ninety-two percent of identified bird remains belonged to protected species. Most remains identified at the Forensics Laboratory were from passerines, particularly ground-foraging species. Based on Forensics Laboratory and USFWS field data, oil pits currently cause the deaths of 500,000–1 million birds per year. Although law enforcement and industry efforts have produced genuine progress on this issue, oil pits remain a significant source of mortality for birds in the United States.     

厦门西海域综合整治后表层沉积物污染状况

根据2003年11月的厦门西海域表层沉积物污染状况的现场调查资料,对2002年综合整治后厦门西海域重金属含量及异养细菌、粪大肠肝菌等的分布特点进行了研究。结果表明,厦门西海域表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、As含量的平均值分别为:67.4、283.8、9.8×10-6(干重),各站位沉积物中的Cu、Zn离子含量都超标。员当湖排污口附近的污染最为严重,粪大肠杆菌、弧菌、多环芳烃降解菌和油脂降解菌数都为最高值,在沉积物样品中分别可达到490/g、3.3×103/g、1.5×105/g、5×104/g。     

城市富营养湖泊沉积物中磷负荷及其释放对水质的影响

以南京玄武湖为研究对象,探讨了城市富营养湖泊沉积物中磷的分布、化学形态和负荷量:通过模拟实验深入研究了溶解氧、pH值、温度、扰动等环境因子对沉积物中磷的释放影响．进而得出磷释放速率．并对pH值影响作出校正,计算出沉积物中磷对湖水释放量,为玄武湖富营养化防治提供科学依据。      

室内装修污染与防治

阐述了室内装修对空气的影响 ,分析室内污染物的来源及对人体健康的危害。通过室内环境监测 ,提出室内污染的防治措施。     

黄石市医疗污染物排放现状及其防治对策

调查了黄石市医疗污染物的排放及处理处置 ,并分析医疗污染物排放现状、污染特征及其处理处置存在的问题 ,提出了切实可行的防治对策。为行业环境管理和疫 (疾 )病传播源分析提供科学依据。     

Ecological economics: themes, approaches, and differences with environmental economics

This article provides a short overview of the main themes of ecological economics (EE). It is argued that EE provides a platform that fosters multidisciplinary environmental research by bringing together the core contributing disciplines – economics and ecology. In addition, EE is regarded as a pluralistic approach to environmental research that can be set opposite to, and has indeed developed as a response to, traditional environmental and resource economics. A comparison of the two fields is presented to clarify the essential differences between them. In addition, specific themes are examined in more detail. These include: sustainable development; the growth debate; international trade; dynamic processes; and behaviour and policy. Electronic Publication     

Water rights and legal pluralism: four contexts for negotiation

Increasing water scarcity is increasing pressure on water management institutions, particularly in the area of water rights. A common response is to formalise water tenure, one of several options for securing access and resolving conflicts concerning water allocation. This article looks at four contexts where negotiation, self-governance and concepts of legal pluralism may help improve water resource management. Existing users and potential new users need to negotiate before water resources are developed. Users can participate in forums with authority to solve basin management problems through self-governance. Negotiated water transfers offer an alternative to water acquisition by expropriation.