基于人口视角的公共服务均等化改革

公共服务的利益分享和成本分担,最终都会落实到每一个人的身上,"人"是其中的一个重要影响因素.我国不同社会成员享有的公共服务水平存在着很大的不同,而且各自所承担的公共服务提供成本也有着较大的差距.本文立足于"人"这一基点,从三个方面剖析了我国公共服务非均等格局形成的原因:①长期存在的对"人"身份进行区分的传统及其在我国社会经济制度中的体现是我国公共服务非均等格局形成的根源;②人口流动性的缺乏为我国公共服务非均等格局的形成提供了某种便利;③巨大的人口规模以及农村人口占多数的人口结构等也加剧了我国公共服务非均等格局的程度.从"人"的角度看,我国推进公共服务均等化改革的基本思路是:彻底消除身份传统在公共服务体制中的影响,建立起无差别的公共服务供给制度和公平的公共服务成本分担机制;努力提高人口的流动性,并使社会经济改革与不新提高的人口流动性相适应;通过大力发展中小城镇等方式来适当调整人口结构.     

天津市餐厨垃圾回收现状与对策

餐厨垃圾是一种具有较高再生利用价值的资源,但是处置不当会给社会造成危害。天津市餐厨垃圾的回收包括规范化的再生资源回收企业回收、以养猪和炼制餐厨再生食用油为目的的非法回收商贩回收、城市普通生活垃圾收集处理系统回收等三种形式。以源头单独集中、清洁化单独收运、无害化处理和资源化利用为指导原则,开展城市餐厨垃圾的规范化回收符合发展循环经济的根本要求。从加强宣传教育、加大食用油监管力度、健全行政监管体系、完善餐厨垃圾规范化收集网络等角度,提出推动天津市餐厨垃圾回收规范化发展的对策。     

江苏省沛县农业面源污染现状及对策

通过对江苏省沛县农业面源污染的现状进行全面的分析,指出现阶段县域经济转型发展过程中农村环境污染的主要来源及产生原因,并提出了相应的治理对策,对其他地区促进农业产业发展,改善农村环境质量,建设社会主义新农村都有一定借鉴作用。     

Evaluation method of automobile recycling systems for Asia considering international material cycles: application to Japan and Thailand

To examine an appropriate recycling system for end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) from Japan in the context of Asia, an Asian international automobile recycling input-output (AI-ARIO) analysis is presented. The AI-ARIO analysis spatially expands the existing ARIO analysis within the framework of the waste input-output (WIO) analysis developed by Nakamura et al., which considers the interdependence between the flow of goods and wastes in a country. This analysis focuses on the local and global cycles for ELVs in Asia and can evaluate the environmental and economic effects of alternative recycling systems. We estimated the AI-ARIO table for Japan and Thailand and applied it to scenario analyses covering the restriction of ELV trade between the two countries, the introduction of new recycling techniques in Thailand, and centralized treatment in Japan. We verified the applicability and effectiveness of the AI-ARIO analysis through the scenario analyses.     

微塑料污染的水生生态毒性与载体作用

近年来微塑料的水生生态环境污染与生态毒害问题引起了科学界的广泛关注。在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,本文对水生态环境中微塑料的来源、形成与分布展开分析;对微塑料污染的生态毒性研究进展给予评述;并深入探讨了微塑料在生态系统中扮演的多重载体角色。鉴于微塑料污染的严峻现实,我国应尽快开展有关微塑料环境污染和生态毒理方面的系统研究,并辅以政策引导和经济支持。     

International trade causes large net economic losses in tropical countries via the destruction of ecosystem services

Despite the large implications of the use of tropical land for exports (“land absorption”) on ecosystem services (ES) and global biodiversity conservation, the magnitude of these externalities is not known. We quantify the net value of ES lost in tropical countries as a result of cropland, forestland and pastureland absorption for exports after deducting ES gains through imports (“land displacement”). We find that net ES gains occur only in 7 out of the 41 countries and regions considered. We estimate global annual net losses of over 1.7 x 10¹² international dollars (I$) (I$1.1 x 10¹² if carbon-related services are not considered). After deducting the benefits from agricultural, forest and livestock rents in land replacing tropical forests, the net annual losses are I$1.3 and I$0.7 x 10¹², respectively. The results highlight the large magnitude of tropical ES losses through international trade that are not compensated by the rents of land uses in absorbed land.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0768-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

非正式制度视角下的旅游小费研究

在总结国内外小费研究的基础上,运用社会学、心理学和经济学的相关知识,从非正式制度的角度研究旅游小费现象。认为小费作为一种非正式制度存在,有其历史性、合理性和有效性。现阶段我国旅游小费发展有一定困难,多数旅游者不认可小费,政策规定难以有效实行等。但是我国旅游小费的发展具有可行性,旅游小费能在一定程度上消除旅游业的不稳定因素,提高旅游从业者收入,提升旅游服务质量,促进旅游业的健康有序发展。同时认为培育旅游小费观念,提升旅游服务意识和水平,规范旅游市场环境等方面是促进旅游小费非正式制度在我国发展的必要途径。     

低碳经济下的秦皇岛休闲农业发展研究

秦皇岛市作为休闲度假旅游胜地,在实施＂旅游立市＂发展战略中把休闲农业作为一个新的经济增长点,在应对低碳时代的发展要求、发展休闲农业方面做出积极实践。通过分析低碳经济下发展休闲农业的必要性和秦皇岛休闲农业的发展现状,提出秦皇岛休闲农业发展的对策和路径选择。     

地方环境保护标准现状分析及“十二五”发展思路

我国地方环境保护标准工作起步晚、发展慢,仍与国家标准存在较大的差距。地方环境保护标准制(修)订的基本思路逐步由传统的保障总量削减目标实现、加严污染排放控制,向改善环境质量、保障环境安全以及实现区域联防联控并重转变。以北京、上海、广东等主要省市地方标准现状为例,分析了地方标准的工作难点,并探讨了"十二五"时期地方标准发展的思路。     

Tumor promoting effects of cyanobacterial extracts are potentiated by anthropogenic contaminants--evidence from in vitro study

Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is affiliated with tumor promotion process and it has been employed as an in vitro biomarker for evaluation of tumor promoting effects of chemicals. In the present study we investigated combined effects of anthropogenic environmental contaminants 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) and fluoranthene, cyanotoxins microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin, and extracts of laboratory cultures of cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon gracile and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, on GJIC in the rat liver epithelial cell line WB-F344. Binary mixtures of PCB 153 with fluoranthene and the mixtures of the two cyanobacterial strains elicited simple additive effects on GJIC after 30 min exposure, whereas microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin neither inhibited GJIC nor altered effects of PCB 153 or fluoranthene. However, synergistic effects were observed in the cells exposed to binary mixtures of anthropogenic contaminants (PCB 153 or fluoranthene) and cyanobacterial extracts. The synergistic effects were especially pronounced after prolonged (6-24 h) co-exposure to fluoranthene and A. gracile extract, when mixture caused nearly complete GJIC inhibition, while none of the individual components caused any downregulation of GJIC at the same concentration and exposure time. The effects of cyanobacterial extracts were independent of microcystin-LR or cylindrospermopsin, which were not detected in cyanobacterial biomass. It provides further evidence on the presence of unknown tumor promoting metabolites in cyanobacteria. Clear potentiation of the GJIC inhibition observed in the mixtures of two anthropogenic contaminants and cyanobacteria highlight the importance of combined toxic effects of chemicals in complex environmental mixtures.