陕北长城沿线沙质荒漠化遥感研究

采用1975年MSS卫星图像、2000年ETM卫星图像为遥感信息源,通过建立科学的沙质荒漠化土地分类体系,并结合地理信息系统方法,对位于农牧交错带生态环境脆弱的陕北长城沿线沙质荒漠化进行了现状及动态变化分析,结果表明,经过20多年来沙质荒漠化防治,现代沙质荒漠化过程得到了明显的逆转,25年间,沙质荒漠化土地面积减少了195.18km²,逆转区的面积比发展区的面积大1280.48km²,为该区能源化工基地的建设提供了良好的生态环境,但是目前该区的沙质荒漠化土地强度依然较大,危害较大的极重度和重度沙质荒漠化土地占到总沙质荒漠化土地面积的35.64%,同时煤炭、油气资源的开发对沙质荒漠化的负面影响具有潜在性和长期性,因此,建立合理的资源开发和环境保护体系具有重要的生态和社会意义。     

我国黑土退化研究现状与展望

黑土是一种腐殖质层厚,质地松散,肥力很高,孔隙比较大而透水性差,粘粒含量高,适于耕作的淋溶土。但是随着人类社会的发展,在缺乏保护和可持续利用意识、急功近利思想影响下,黑土遭到过度垦殖和掠夺式经营,人类对其活动范围远远超过了其再生能力,导致有机质含量减少,肥力下降,孔隙比减小,保水持水能力降低, 土壤板结,黑土严重退化。在国家振兴东北老工业基地和防止黑土退化及加强黑土保护之际,通过对黑土分布状况和黑土退化研究现状的分析,总结出黑土退化方式,揭示了其退化的主要原因,提出了防止黑土地退化和保护黑土地的措施,在现有研究的基础上提出黑土退化研究的新方向,希望能为黑土资源可持续利用和进一步研究起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

水资源立法浅探

水资源是基础性的自然资源和战略性的经济资源。因此,世界上不少国家和国际组织采用法律手段对水资源实施保护和管理。随着经济和社会的不断发展,合理开发利用水资源,特别是依法保护和管理水资源已经成为我国可持续发展中的一个重大课题。鉴于我国新水法的颁布与实施,结合我国水资源管理现状,进一步研究建立水资源的物权法律体系,从而在水资源领域以水权为价值取向,健全和完善水资源保护的法律制度,以实现我国水资源开发利用的法律调整之目的。     

盘锦市危险废物现状调查及管理对策

介绍了盘锦市危险废物产生和管理的现状,探讨了危废管理中存在的问题,并提出了对危险废物管理的对策。     

黑龙江省饮用水水源地环境现状及污染防治对策研究

为了贯彻党中央、国务院的文件精神,保障人民群众饮用水安全,黑龙江省开展了饮用水源地基础环境调查与评估工作。调查结果表明,黑龙江省县级以上政府所在城镇共有178个饮用水源地,其中河流型18个,湖库型23个,地下水型137个。河流型和湖库型饮用水源地水质达标率为100％。地下水类型饮用水源地有50个未达标,占地下水类型水源地总数的36％。水源地保护区中工业废水排放量1755．43万吨／年,城镇生活废水排放量2999．66万吨/年,非点源废水排放量38618．46万吨／年。掌握了黑龙江省饮用水源地环境状况和污染状况,制定了不同类型饮用水源地的污染防治对策。推动了饮用水源保护工作的全面开展,提高了黑龙江省的饮用水安全保障水平。     

鞍山市医疗废物处理现状及对策分析

从医疗废物的来源及其对人体的健康和环境的危害入手，结合医疗废物在收集、储存、运输、处理处置过程中的特殊要求，对鞍山市医疗废物管理现状进行了全面分析。针对医疗废物的全过程管理和危害化处理处置进行了深入探讨，提出了相应的建议和对策。     

德国循环经济起源和现状

德国发展循环经济堪称世界之最,其理论研究与实践独树一帜,本文通过对德国发展循环经济的背景和法律体系的研究,以德国双元回收系统（DSD）及包装废弃物回收、废复合包装分离及再生和废旧电器的再生情况为实例,具体而详细地介绍了德国循环经济起源和现状。     

乡镇企业发展中的环境问题及法律对策

文章提出了乡镇企业在迅速发展的同时，带来的严重的环境问题，从企业的外部不经济性、布局和产业结构的不合理性、生产手段的落后、立法的不完善及执法的不力等几个方面论述了产生问题的背景原因，探讨了相应的法律对策，要求加强建立我国乡镇企业环境管理地方性立法工作，并在立法中明确排污费的使用，企业产权关系，排污交易制度及环境损害责任保险制度等内容。     

Dystrophin gene analysis and prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in Russia

Of 126 families referred for counselling of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), DNA analysis has been suggested to 119 families with at least one affected child or with an affected close male relative of the woman at risk of being a DMD carrier. A large proportion (about 80 per cent) of the families were represented by sporadic cases (only one affected individual). By means of multiplex polymerase chain reactions with different sets of oligoprimers providing amplification of 10–11 different exons, altogether 49 dystrophin gene deletions were identified (41 per cent). Eighteen deletions clustered in the 5′ ‘hot spot’ region of DMD cDNA and 36 in the distal half of the central rod domain around exons 43–53. An unusually high frequency (18 per cent) of deletions involving exons 17–19 was discovered. Large deletions extending through both ‘hot spot’ regions and thus occupying over 30–40 exons were recorded in five cases (10 per cent). Seventy-six of 94 families were found to be informative by RFLP analysis for intragenic or extragenetic DNA probes. Carrier status was ascertained in 20 and rejected in 32 female relatives in 40 DMD families. Eight DMD-affected fetuses were diagnosed prenatally by direct deletion testing or by RFLP analysis. Feasible interpopulation variations in the dystrophin gene deletion pattern are discussed. The prospects for more effective prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection in high-risk DMD families in Russia are briefly outlined.     

The governance of private residential land in cities and spatial effects on tree cover

Trees in cities supply ecosystem services, including cooling, storm water quality management, habitat, visual screening and softening of built form. There is an expanding interdisciplinary field encompassing biodiversity, ecosystem services, and stewardship networks in cities. However most of this work focuses on public greenspace. While much work has been done to demonstrate that trees on private land are an important complement to the public urban forest, and to understand the social drivers of such, less is known about the governance of private greenspace in cities. Private land contributes to a significant component of a city’s tree cover, particularly in cities characterised by low-density residential suburbs. It is important to understand the mechanisms that govern private tree cover, given the pace and scale of urbanisation globally. We combined policy and spatial analysis to examine the influence of larger and denser forms of residential development on suburban tree cover and the scope of contemporary governance measures. We interrogated tree cover patterns in the rapidly densifying and consolidating city of Brisbane, Australia, to show that private residential tree cover is explained by dwelling density, housing age, terrain slope, high school education, and household income. Results show significantly (30%) less tree cover in low-density residential suburbs developed since the early 1990s. We develop five governance principles for reversing the decline of urban trees on private residential property that may be transferable to other rapidly developing cities in around the world.