丹江口库区浮游真菌组成与功能及其影响因素

浮游真菌是水生态系统的重要组成部分,研究其群落组成和功能对于管理和维护丹江口水库生态环境具有重要意义.本实验采用Illumina公司MiSeq测序平台对2019年10月丹江口水库表层浮游真菌群落组成进行分析,并结合FUNGuild功能预测分析其生态功能.MiSeq测序结果表明丹江口水库浮游真菌由6门和213属组成,其中子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）为优势种群.丹江口水库水质监测结果表明,其水质整体处于良好状态,符合Ⅰ或Ⅱ饮用水源标准.RDA分析表明氮磷营养盐（TN、TP）、水温（T）、氧化还原电位（ORP）和卡尔森营养状态指数（TLI）是影响浮游真菌分布的重要因素.Spearman秩相关分析表明,理化因子主要与链格孢属（Alternaria）、芽枝霉属（Cladosporium）、青霉属（Penicillium）、路德酵母属（Lodderomyces）和Acremonium等优势属呈显著相关.FUNGuild功能预测分析表明丹江口浮游真菌的营养型和功能群主要为病理营养型（pathotroph）、腐生营养型（saprotroph）和病理-腐生营养型（pathotroph-saprotroph）,其中黑鸡嘴样品植物病原菌（plant pathogen）和动物病原菌（animal pathogen）比例显著高于其他样品.本研究初步分析了丹江口库区浮游真菌群落组成和生态功能,表明其具有一定程度的潜在生态风险,后续丹江口水库生物监测中浮游真菌监测需要加以重视.     

微塑料对海水抗生素抗性基因的影响

水环境中的微塑料和微生物抗生素抗性基因复合污染已经发展成为全球性的重大环境问题,给人类健康和生态环境带来新的挑战.海水中的微塑料残留日益增加,但是不同种类微塑料对海水抗生素抗性基因的干扰和影响还不是很清楚.选择了聚乙烯（PE）、聚氯乙烯（PVC）和具有一定水溶性的聚乙烯醇（PVA）这3种乙烯基微塑料,采集海水并添加微塑料进行了曝气培养实验（49 d）,利用高通量定量PCR技术,研究微塑料对海水抗生素抗性基因的影响.结果表明,空白对照海水、添加PE海水、添加PVC海水和添加PVA海水抗生素抗性基因的种类分别为20、35、42和64种,微塑料使得海水中的抗生素抗性基因种类显著增多;在丰度水平上,空白对照海水、添加PE海水、添加PVC海水和添加PVA海水抗生素抗性基因的丰度分别为4.01×10⁶、2.75×10⁷、4.54×10⁷和1.05×10⁸ copies·L^-1,微塑料显著增加了海水中抗生素抗性基因的丰度.因此,相较于空白对照海水,微塑料显著增加了海水抗生素抗性基因多样性和丰度水平;OLS回归分析显示,抗生素抗性基因与16S rRNA基因和可移动遗传元件有着显著正相关关系,说明微生物的丰度和基因水平转移机制能够影响海水抗生素抗性基因的分布、存续和演变.     

利用序批式生物膜反应器启动厌氧氨氧化研究

研究了在缺氧条件下利用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)快速启动厌氧氨氧化过程,并考察了该过程中反应器的脱氮效率、厌氧氨氧化现象、生物膜性质及微生物群落的变化.从第60d开始出现ANAMMOX现象,经过100多天的启动,最高总氮负荷达0.67kg-N/m3×d,总氮去除率达到87.3%.生物膜厚度和污泥颜色、形态发生明显变化,厌氧氨氧化菌的相对含量达到40%以上,成为反应器的优势菌种.本研究表明SBBR是一种高效启动厌氧氨氧化的生物反应器.     

复合碳源填料反硝化脱氮及微生物群落特性

为探讨低碳氮比污水厂尾水的深度脱氮技术,以碱处理玉米芯、零价铁和活性炭组成的复合碳源作为填料,考察反硝化生物脱氮滤柱的运行效果,并借助Miseq高通量测序技术对滤柱生物膜的微生物群落组成和结构进行解析.结果表明,复合碳源填料进行反硝化脱氮时,能有效的被微生物利用并获得较高的TN去除率.在温度为28℃左右,反硝化滤柱进水NO3--N浓度为20~30mg/L、HRT=7.7h时,TN去除率可达到95%以上,出水TOC在15mg/L左右;微生物在属水平进行聚类分析结果表明,生物膜中与反硝化作用有关的菌属和与纤维素降解有关的菌属分别占已知菌属的40.35%和29.04%.因此,污泥中反硝化作用菌属和纤维素降解有关的菌属的大量存在,为复合碳源填料高效反硝化作用提供了可能.     

Treatment of swine wastewater in aerobic granular reactors: comparison of different seed granules as factors

The granulation process, physic-chemical properties, pollution removal ability and bacterial communities of aerobic granules with different feed-wastewater (synthetic wastewater, R1; swine wastewater, R2), and the change trend of some parameters of two types of granules in long-term operated reactors treating swine wastewater were investigated in this experiment. The result indicated that aerobic granulation with the synthetic wastewater had a faster rate compared with swine wastewater and that full granulation in R1 and R2 was reached on the 30th day and 39th day, respectively. However, although the feed wastewater also had an obvious effect on the biomass fraction and extracellular polymeric substances of the aerobic granules during the granulation process, these properties remained at a similar level after long-term operation. Moreover, a similar increasing trend could also be observed in terms of the nitrogen removal efficiencies of the aerobic granules in both reactors, and the average specific removal rates of the organics and ammonia nitrogen at the steady-state stage were 35.33 mg·g⁻¹ VSS and 51.46 mg·g⁻¹ VSS for R1, and 35.47 mg·g⁻¹ VSS and 51.72 mg·g⁻¹ VSS for R2, respectively. In addition, a shift in the bacterial diversity occurred in the granulation process, whereas bacterial communities in the aerobic granular reactor were not affected by the seed granules after long-term operation.     

黄河三角洲土壤古菌群落结构对盐生植被演替的响应

采用高通量测序技术,探究黄河三角洲光板地和4种典型盐生植被类型（翅碱蓬、獐茅、白茅和罗布麻）下土壤古菌群落组成和数量分布特征,揭示其对盐生植被演替的响应.结果表明,植被覆盖有利于降低土壤盐化程度、增加土壤营养物质含量,土壤速效磷随盐生植被在光板地-重盐土壤（翅碱蓬、獐茅）-轻盐土壤（白茅、罗布麻）中的正向演替有不断升高的趋势.5种覆被类型下土壤古菌在种群组成上差异明显,无植被覆盖的光板地具有最高的古菌群落多样性和丰富度,广古菌门为优势菌群.土壤古菌群落结构与盐生植被演替顺序不具有严格的一致性：当植被处于相同演替阶段时,土壤古菌群落结构不具明显的相似性;在不同演替阶段时,土壤古菌群落结构也未均表现出更大的差异性.随着盐生植被正向演替,土壤温度、电导率（含盐量）对土壤古菌群落结构多样性起促进作用,土壤全氮、碱解氮、有机质起抑制作用.     

Biodegradation of carbofuran in sequencing batch reactor augmented with immobilised Burkholderia cepacia PCL3 on corncob

The performance of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) augmented with immobilised Burkholderia cepacia PCL3 on corncob for biodegradation of carbofuran in basal salt medium (BSM) was studied. A 2.0-L SBR with a working volume of 1.5 L was operated for a total cycle of 48 h, consisting of 1.0 h fill phase, 46 h react phase and 1.0 h decant phase. The initial pH of the feed medium was 7.0. Air was fed into the reactor at a controlled flow rate of 600 mL·min ^?1. The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) (14 to 6 days) on carbofuran-degradation efficiency was investigated at a carbofuran concentration in the feed medium of 20 mg·L ^?1. The shortest HRT resulting in complete degradation of carbofuran was 8 days. At 75% of the optimum HRT (6 days), the effects of biostimulation using organic amendments, i.e. molasses, cassava pulp, rice bran and spent yeast, and the effect of carbofuran concentration in the feed medium (20–80 mg·L ^?1) were investigated. The optimum conditions for SBRs were an initial carbofuran concentration of 40 mg·L ^?1 and 0.1 g·L ^?1 of rice bran as a biostimulated amendment. Complete degradation of carbofuran with a first-order kinetic constant (k ₁) of 0.044 h^?1 was achieved under these optimum conditions.     

Viral metagenomics: a new and complementary tool for environmental quality assessment

Metagenomic sequencing of nucleic acids from environmental or other complex samples can be successfully used as a powerful tool for environmental quality assessment. Being a culture-independent approach, it does not rely on the presence or absence of specific organisms or genes, and can even identify novel organisms. When focused on viruses, metagenomics can help to shed light on their involvement in ecosystem functioning, due to their dependence on their hosts and their ability to respond quickly to environmental changes. Moreover, viral metagenomics can show the impact of contamination on different natural ecosystems, highlighting putative sources and potential pathogens.     

脉冲SBR工艺短程脱氮的实现及对除磷的强化

采用脉冲进水缺好氧交替工艺(SAOSBR)处理低C/N实际生活污水,考察了短程脱氮对于低碳源生活污水同步脱氮除磷效果的强化作用,并分析了短程脱氮强化生物除磷的机理.结果表明,通过短时的饥饿处理配合缺好氧交替的运行方式实现了系统的短程硝化,亚硝酸盐积累率稳定在95%以上.短程的实现还强化了系统的同步脱氮除磷效果,总氮和磷的平均去除率相比于全程脱氮过程分别提高了约6%和36%.分析表明短程强化生物除磷的原因主要是由于残留的NO2-对聚磷菌厌氧释磷的影响较小.静态试验也证实,在碳源不足的条件下,以NO2-为电子受体的反硝化作用相比于NO3-可以减弱反硝化菌与聚磷菌之间的碳源竞争,从而提高聚磷菌的厌氧释磷量和聚羟基烷酸(PHA)的合成量.因此,在处理低C/N生活污水时,短程脱氮的实现更有利于系统的生物除磷.     

Improvement of nitrification efficiency by bioaugmentation in sequencing batch reactors at low temperature

Bioaugmentation is an effective method of treating municipal wastewater with high ammonia concentration in sequencing batch reactors （SBRs） at low temperature （10℃）. The cold-adapted ammonia- and nitrite- oxidizing bacteria were enriched and inoculated, respectively, in the bioaugmentation systems. In synthetic wastewater treatment systems, the average NH4＋-N removal efficiency in the bioaugmented system （85%） was much higher than that in the unbioaugmented system. The effluent NH4＋ -N concentration of the bioaugmented system was stably below 8 mg. L1 after 20 d operation. In municipal wastewater systems with bioaugmentation, the effluent NH4＋- -N concentration was below 8 mg·L^-1 after 15 d operation. The average NH4＋ -N removal efficiency in unbioaugmentation system （about 82%） was lower compared with that in the bioaugmentation system. By inoculating the cold-adapted nitrite-oxidizing bacteria （NOB） into the SBRs after 10 d operation, the nitrite concentration decreased rapidly, reducing the NO2 -N accumulation effectively at low temperature. The func- tional microorganisms were identified by PCR-DGGE, including uncultured Dechloromonas sp., uncultured Nitrospira sp., Clostridium sp. and uncultured Thauera sp. The results suggested that the cold-adapted microbial agent of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） and NOB could accelerate the start-up and promote achieving the stable operation of the low-temperature SBRs for nitrification.