德国分散式污水处理系统微生物群落结构及功能

以德国分散式污水处理系统为研究对象,通过16S rRNA测序,研究2个反应器中微生物群落结构,利用PICRUSt软件对其功能进行推演.结果表明,冬季,污水厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）内温度20℃,进水COD 712mg/L时,出水可获得52%的COD平均去除率,产气率为122L/kgCOD;固体废物厌氧反应器（PSD）内温度37℃,反应器内COD 3007mg/L时,可获得374L/kgVSS的产气率.2个反应器具有相似的微生物组成,对细菌,Synerigistaceae科的相对丰度最高（AnMBR：24.0%±10.0%;PSD：11.0%±3.1%）;对古菌,Methanobacteriaceae科的相对丰度最高（AnMBR：0.6%±0.3%;PSD：13.8%±1.8%）;2个反应器的功能基因组成也相似,产甲烷都以H₂还原CO₂的通路为主.PSD反应器中H₂还原CO₂通路相关基因、F420合成相关基因、辅酶M合成相关基因的相对丰度都高于AnMBR反应器.     

不同价态铁处理腈纶废水过程中菌群结构分析

利用不同反应器条件（SBBR、Fe （0）-SBBR、Fe （Ⅱ）-SBBR、Fe （Ⅲ）-SBBR）对腈纶废水进行处理,探究不同价态铁对腈纶废水处理过程及此过程中微生物群落结构变化.结果表明,Fe （0）/Fe （Ⅱ）/Fe （Ⅲ）-SBBR对腈纶废水有良好的处理效果,特别是NH₄⁺-N,去除率均在90%以上;整个运行周期内Fe （0）-SBBR处理效果最好.利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析处理过程中微生物群落结构,结果表明,Fe （0）/Fe （Ⅱ）/Fe （Ⅲ）-SBBR优势菌在属水平上差异显著,Fe （0）-SBBR主要以Gemmata、Planctomyces、Aridibacter、Fluviicola等属为主;Fe （Ⅱ）-SBBR主要以Thermomonas、Aridibacter、Bacillus、Paracoccus等属为主;Fe （Ⅲ）-SBBR主要以Planctomyces、Bacillus、Nostocoida、Aridibacter等属为主;与对照组SBBR相比,Fe （0）-SBBR对其处于相对劣势的菌有很好的刺激生长作用;Fe （0）和Fe （Ⅲ）对微生物群落的改变大于Fe （Ⅱ）.     

Characteristics of microbial community functional structure of a biological coking wastewater treatment system

Nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds are key pollutants in coking wastewater; however, the functional potential of microbial communities for biodegradation of such contaminants during biological treatment is still elusive. Herein, a high throughput functional gene array (GeoChip 5.0) in combination with Illumina HiSeq2500 sequencing was used to compare and characterize the microbial community functional structure in a long run (500 days) bench scale bioreactor treating coking wastewater, with a control system treating synthetic wastewater. Despite the inhibitory toxic pollutants, GeoChip 5.0 detected almost all key functional gene (average 61,940 genes) categories in the coking wastewater sludge. With higher abundance, aromatic ring cleavage dioxygenase genes including multi ring1,2diox; one ring2,3diox; catechol represented significant functional potential for degradation of aromatic pollutants which was further confirmed by Illumina HiSeq2500 analysis results. Response ratio analysis revealed that three nitrogenous compound degrading genes- nbzA (nitro-aromatics), tdnB (aniline), and scnABC (thiocyanate) were unique for coking wastewater treatment, which might be strong cause to increase ammonia level during the aerobic process. Additionally, HiSeq2500 elucidated carbozole and isoquinoline degradation genes in the system. These findings expanded our understanding on functional potential of microbial communities to remove organic nitrogenous pollutants; hence it will be useful in optimization strategies for biological treatment of coking wastewater.     

Effects of Asian dust events on atmospheric bacterial communities at different distances downwind of the source region

Aeolian dust particles arising from arid and semiarid zones are known to carry microbes by air currents. The effect of wind-borne bacteria on atmospheric bacterial population at various downwind distances from the dust source regions must be clarified, but has not yet been reported. This study monitored the bacterial abundance and community composition in outdoor aerosol samples in Beijing, China, which is close to the Asian dust source regions, and compared them with the results obtained in a distant region(Osaka, Japan).The Asian dust collected in Beijing contained(4 ± 3) × 10~4 bacterial cells/m~3, approximately~4 times higher than in Osaka. On 15 April 2015, Beijing experienced severe Asian dust events with a 1000-fold increase in bacterial abundance, relative to non-Asian dust days. Dominant bacterial phyla and classes in Asian dust collected in Beijing were Actinobacteria, Bacilli and Acidobacteria, and the bacterial community composition varied more widely than in Osaka.The bacterial community compositions differed between the Beijing and Osaka dusts, even for the same Asian dust events. These results indicated that aerosol bacterial communities nearer the dust source are more affected by eolian dust than their distant counterparts.     

富硫沉积生境中微生物群落的垂直分布特征

为探讨富硫沉积环境中特定微生物类群对硫循环的贡献,人工建立富含硫酸盐的模型,对模型中各种环境化学参数进行监测,并采用不依赖于培养的微生物分子生态学技术对微生物群落垂向分布特征进行解析.结果表明,以沉积物-水界面为分界线,上层水相为好氧环境,硫化物浓度较底;而沉积物相中硫化物浓度较高,为厌氧生境.微生物群落分布与环境特征具有很好的吻合性,沉积物相中微生物群落相似性较高,多样性相对较低,而水相中微生物多样性较高,且与沉积物中微生物分离距离较大.在水-沉积物垂向剖面中,细菌域中的变形菌门(Protebacteria)(丰度为7.6%~32.8%)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)(13.6%~22.3%)以及古菌域中的广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)(19.3%~29.2%)是微生物群落中的绝对优势类群.在该生境中,存在微生物主导的硫循环过程,在厌氧沉积物表层,δ变形菌纲(Deltaprotebacteria)中的硫酸盐还原细菌还原硫酸盐产生硫化物,同时降解有机质.硫化物向上层扩散时,被Thiobacillus、Acidithiobacillus和Halothiobacillus等属的硫氧化微生物氧化为单质硫,并进一步氧化为硫酸盐,在硫循环过程中有机质被逐渐降解.特定微生物种群的富集需要在不同的环境因素,多种微生物共同参与硫循环过程,完成有机质降解.     

好氧-厌氧污泥耦合白腐真菌单元对焦化废水的处理

白腐真菌因能分泌胞外木质素降解酶降解难降解有机污染物,而在难降解有机废水处理中具有巨大应用潜力.其研究常采用白腐真菌直接处理废水,很少关注常规生物法耦合白腐真菌的处理方式.基于此,分别采用白腐真菌和好氧-厌氧污泥耦合Phanerochaete Chrysosporium处理焦化废水以考察后者的可行性.在好氧-厌氧污泥耦合P.chrysosporium的处理中,仅采用3 d的处理时间,好氧-厌氧污泥可将6097 mg·L~(-1)的COD和351 mg·L~(-1)的氨氮分别降至1634~1684 mg·L~(-1)和102~117 mg·L~(-1);进而固定化P.chrysosporium将COD和氨氮再次分别降至1322~1372 mg·L~(-1)和16~62 mg·L~(-1).最终COD和氨氮的去除率分别达77%~78%和82%~95%,这表明:好氧-厌氧污泥耦合P.chrysosporium处理焦化废水可在更短的处理周期完成比直接采用白腐真菌处理更好的处理效果,此思路合理可行.     

Application of next-generation sequencing technologies to conservation of wood-inhabiting fungi

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has significantly increased knowledge of microbial communities and their distribution. However, it is still not common to apply NGS technology to microbial conservation. We sought to use NGS technologies to evaluate conservation strategies for wood-inhabiting fungi. Evaluating a deadwood experiment 3 years after it was established, we specifically examined which tree species combinations promoted the highest richness of wood-inhabiting fungi. Deadwood enrichment was an effective strategy and logs of 6 tree species, either those with the highest wood-inhabiting fungal α and γ diversity or those with the highest β diversity, maintained >1,000 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) spread over a wide range of taxonomic groups. In comparison, a conservation strategy based only on the results of sporocarp surveys yielded 591 OTUs. This result highlights the need to use NGS approaches to inform microbial conservation strategies. We also determined that 5 tree species with the highest saproxylic beetle γ diversity simultaneously conserved wood-inhabiting fungi. Apart from deadwood volume, we suggest data on deadwood quality and species also be included as indicators, especially for wood-inhabiting fungal diversity, and incorporated quickly in forest assessment and monitoring systems in Central Europe.     

限量曝气进水时间对硝化颗粒污泥的影响特性研究

缺氧-好氧环境的交替循环对氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌具有重要影响.本研究通过逐渐增加限量曝气进水时间(从10 min至120 min)延长缺氧时段,考察柱形SBR中硝化颗粒污泥对不同缺氧-好氧环境交替循环的响应特性.整个研究过程中,硝化颗粒污泥保持着稳定的颗粒特征,粒径大于0.8 mm的颗粒污泥占总污泥量的质量分数始终在95%以上,颗粒平均沉降速率维持在125～130 m·h-1之间.尽管缺氧时段不断延长,但NH+4-N去除率和NO-2-N累积率分别稳定在(60±5)%、(85±5)%;此外,在每个周期的曝气反应时段,NH+4-N的去除速率以及NO-2-N和NO-3-N的累积速率分别保持在90mg·(L·h)-1、70 mg·(L·h)-1和15 mg·(L·h)-1左右.以上结果表明,限量进水时间的延长及其所造成的不同时间跨度的缺氧环境对硝化颗粒污泥没有较为显著的影响.     

银川市典型湖泊沉积物细菌群落结构及其对重金属的响应关系

湖泊湿地是极其重要而又特殊的生态系统,在区域水资源调蓄、环境保护和生物多样性维持等方面具有重要意义.沉积物细菌是湖泊生态系统重要的组成部分,是湖泊生物地球化学循环的主要驱动力.为探明银川市典型湖泊沉积物细菌的群落结构及其影响因素,选取银川市3个典型湖泊（阅海湖、鸣翠湖和犀牛湖）为研究对象,于2021年1月、4月、7月和10月采集表层沉积物,应用16S rDNA高通量测序技术研究沉积物细菌群落组成,并探究其与重金属之间的响应关系.结果表明,银川市3个典型湖泊沉积物重金属生态危害系数远小于40,生态危害指数远小于150,危害程度均为生态轻微危害.3个湖泊的细菌群落多样性无显著差异,但各湖泊不同季节多样性有显著变化,群落组成也存在显著差异.阅海湖、鸣翠湖和犀牛湖的优势种菌门（相对丰度排名前3）均为：变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）,优势下级阶元为γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）、α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）和δ-变形菌纲（Deltaproteobacteria）.银川市典型湖泊门水平分类上出现的主要差异物种为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）.阅海湖沉积物细菌群落结构与Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、As和Pb显著相关,鸣翠湖沉积物细菌群落结构与Fe、Pb和Cr显著相关,犀牛湖沉积物细菌群落结构与重金属相关关系不显著.沉积物重金属的种类和含量对银川市阅海湖和鸣翠湖沉积物细菌群落结构有显著影响,是引起湖泊沉积物细菌群落结构变化的重要环境因子.     

鄱阳湖湿地细菌群落多样性和可培养细菌功能基因丰度

鄱阳湖湿地中蕴含着丰富的微生物资源,参与并维持着湿地生态系统的物质循环和稳定.为探明鄱阳湖湿地土壤细菌分布规律,分析可培养细菌群落结构和功能特征,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析了鄱阳湖湿地土壤全部细菌（AW）和湿地外围周边土壤全部细菌（AS）群落结构多样性特征;又结合可培养方法和qPCR功能基因芯片技术,分析了湿地可培养细菌（CW）和湿地外围周边土壤可培养细菌（CS）功能基因丰度差异.研究发现鄱阳湖湿地土壤细菌多样性低于湿地外围周边土壤细菌,变形菌门和酸杆菌门是两种土壤环境中共有的细菌优势菌门,放线菌门、厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门和热脱硫杆菌门也是存在于两种土壤中的主要菌门,但相对丰度均差异显著;网络分析显示湿地土壤较周边土壤细菌网络结构更简单.采用可培养方法获得的不同采样点土壤细菌群落多样性差异不明显.但湿地土壤可培养细菌功能基因的拷贝数高于周边土壤,其中参与氮循环的UreC基因和参与碳固定的acsE基因在两种土壤可培养细菌中相对丰度较高.研究结果可为深入挖掘调控、维持湿地土壤养分循环和促进鄱阳湖湿地生态系统功能稳定性的潜在有益微生物提供理论依据.