不同材质水窖沉积物中真菌群落差异及其与环境因子的相关性

集雨窖水沉积物中蕴含丰富多样的真菌群落,这些真菌作为连接窖水生态系统与沉积物之间物质交换的桥梁和纽带,在窖水生态系统中发挥着重要作用;真菌群落结构特征的变化也通常与环境因子的变化有着紧密的联系.运用16S rRNA基因-Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,对两种不同集流面环境下的水窖沉积物中真菌群落多样性及差异进行研究.结果表明,混凝土集流环境下的水窖沉积物较黄土地集流环境下的水窖沉积物具有更高的真菌群落多样性与丰富度,两种集流环境下的真菌群落优势菌门相同,分别为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）和接合菌门（Zygomycota）,它们构成了菌门丰度的90%以上,但前者具有更好的均一性和稳定性.基于LEfSe分析得到的标志物种显示,在黄土地集流环境中对差异性贡献最大的菌群是Basidiobolales,贡献最小的是Mycosphaerella;在混凝土集流环境中对差异性贡献最大的菌群是Saccharomycetales,贡献最小的是Periconia.微生物群落-环境因子共现性网络显示真菌和真菌之间,真菌和环境因子之间均为正向关系大于负向关系.研究结果加深了对水窖沉积物中真菌群落多样性的认识,可为保障集雨窖水人畜饮用安全和改善窖水水质提供了借鉴.     

沼液施用对麦稻茬口期土壤微生物群落结构特征及功能的影响

为揭示麦稻茬口期沼液施用对土壤微生物群落及功能的影响,通过土柱试验,设置麦秆还田后3种处理［无氮肥（CM）、常规施肥（SN）和添加沼液（SZ）］,采用Illumina高通量测序技术分析了土壤淹水后1 d和21 d土壤细菌及真菌群落的组成、多样性和结构差异,并对其功能进行预测.微生物多样性分析表明,1 d时各处理的真菌α多样性指数均显著高于21 d处理且各处理间无显著差异;21 d时各处理细菌Simpson指数开始出现差异,SZ-21处理的细菌Simpson指数高于SN-21处理,而细菌Chao1指数显著低于SN-21处理;细菌群落结构分析表明,1 d时,SN处理的厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门和放线菌门与其它处理差异较大,而21d时,SZ和SN处理的各细菌菌门相对丰度相似;真菌群落结构分析表明,1 d时,SZ处理中的子囊菌门和接合菌门相对丰度高于SN和CM处理;21 d时,SN和SZ处理的子囊菌门相对丰度均低于CM处理,而接合菌门的相对丰度均高于CM处理.NMDS分析表明,21 d时,SN和SZ处理的细菌和真菌群落组成均有逐渐相似的趋势.PICRUSt功能分析表明,不同时期和不同处理的土壤细菌群落在功能层上表现相似,FUNGuild功能预测反映SZ-21和SN-21处理的真菌功能主要差异体现在腐生营养型和病理营养型上.综上说明茬口期施沼液在一定程度上可以替代化肥平衡土壤养分和维持土壤生态功能,但仍可能存在真菌致病风险.     

磷石膏和碱蓬对盐渍化土壤水盐及细菌群落结构的影响

盐渍土改良是农田土壤环境不可忽视的重要问题,土壤盐分的改变势必会影响土壤细菌群落.试验基于河套灌区中度盐渍土,以当地无改良措施枸杞园为对照(CK),设施加磷石膏(LSG)、枸杞间种碱蓬(JP)及施加磷石膏和枸杞间种碱蓬(LSG+JP)的改良处理,探究枸杞生育期内不同改良方式对土壤水分、盐分、养分和细菌群落结构多样性的影响.结果表明,相较CK,在开花期至落叶期LSG+JP显著降低了土壤EC值和pH值(P<0.05),平均降低39.96%和7.25%;全生育期内LSG+JP显著提高了土壤有机质(OM)和速效磷(AP)含量(P<0.05),年平均提高81.85%和203.50%;开花期和落叶期LSG+JP显著提高了全氮(TN)含量(P<0.05),年平均提高48.91%.改良初期LSG+JP的Shannon指数较CK提高了3.31%和6.54%,Chao1指数较CK提高了24.95%和43.26%;土壤优势菌门为变形菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门,优势菌属为鞘脂单胞菌属.开花期至落叶期改良处理的变形菌门相对丰度较CK增加了0.50%～16.27%,改良处理的放线菌门相对...     

牛粪还田对土壤微生物群落特征的影响

畜禽粪便还田对土壤质量产生了深刻影响,而土壤微生物是反映土壤质量的敏感指标.基于稀释平板计数和高通量测序技术,研究了牛粪还田区土壤微生物群落特征及其影响因素.结果表明,与对照点相比,牛粪还田区土壤微生物群落β多样性发生了显著变化;牛粪还田增加了变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度,而减少了放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)的相对丰度;牛粪还田显著改变了土壤微生物群落中的鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、PLTA13属、MSB-4B10属、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、CCD24属、Gaiella属、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和Entotheonellaceae属的相对丰度;影响牛粪还田区土壤微生物群落组成的重要因素是土壤含水量和放线菌数量;牛粪还田增加了假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium)和链球菌属(Streptococcus)等病原菌的相对丰度,对土壤质量存在一定的生物污染风险.研究结果可为深入认识牛粪还田对土壤质量的...     

Distribution of bacterial communities across plateau freshwater lake and upslope soils

Microorganisms are involved in a variety of biogeochemical processes in natural environments. The differences between bacterial communities in freshwaters and upslope soils remain unclear. The present study investigated the bacterial distribution in a plateau freshwater lake, Erhai Lake (southwestern China), and its upslope soils. Illumina MiSeq sequencing illustrated high bacterial diversity in lake sediments and soils. Sediment and soil bacterial communities were mainly composed of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes. However, a distinctive difference in bacterial community structure was found between soil and sediment ecosystems. Water content, nitrogen and pH affected the distribution of the bacterial community across Erhai Lake and its upslope soils. Moreover, the soil bacterial community might also be shaped by plant types. This work could provide some new insights into plateau aquatic and terrestrial microbial ecology.     

Effect of methamidophos on soil fungi community in microcosms by plate count, DGGE and clone library analysis

Methamidophos was widely used a pesticide in northern China. The potential influences of methamidophos on soil fungal community in black soil were assessed by plate count, 28S rDNA-PCR-DGGE, and clone library analysis. Three methamidophos levels (50, 150, and 250 mg/kg) were tested in soil microcosms. Results from plate count during a 60-d microcosm experiment showed that high concentrations of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) could significantly stimulate fungal populations. DCGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) fingerprinting patterns showed a significant difference between the responses of culturable and total fungi communities under the stress of methamidophos. Shannon diversity indices calculated from DGGE profiles indicated that culturable fungi in all microcosms with methamidophos treatment increased after 1 week of incubation. However, the diversity indices of total fungi decreased in the first week, as compared to the stimulation of culturable fungi. At the 8th week, however, all the microcosms treated by methamidophos were similar to the control microcosms in community structure as suggested by the Shannon diversity indices for both culturable and total fungi. In contrast, after 1 week the fungal structure of culturable and unculturable both were disturbed to different extent under the stresses of methamidophos by clustering analysis. Clone sequencing analysis indicated the stimulation of pathogenic and unculturable fungal populations by methamidophos treatment, suggetsing potential risks of plant disease outbreak.     

膜序批式反应器运行特性研究

膜生物反应器采取序批式运行方式,实验室人工配水,系统不排泥,运行220d。结果表明,系统对COD、氨氮的去除率均在96％以上,细菌胞外多聚物（EPS）以蛋白质为主,污泥浓度达到10g／L以上,污泥沉降性能得到改善时,跨膜压力（TMP）呈缓慢增长趋势,出现了相当数量的纤毛虫、轮虫等原后生动物。     

ABSBR反应器水力混合特性的研究

文章根据因次分析方法推导出ABSBR反应器水力混合特性的无因次准则,并对反应器水力混合特性进行了实验研究。     

Plastic materials and water sources actively select and shape wastewater plastispheres over time

● Wastewater MPs exhibited resistomes and therefore health threats. ● High density of alkB gene indicates both HDPE and PET can be utilized by microbes. ● Plastics and waters actively selected and shaped the plastispheres over time. ● A broader phylogenetic spectrum of MHET-degrading microorganisms was annotated. The daily use of plastics presents a serious pollution issue due to their extremely slow degradation. Microplastics and the biofilm that grows on plastics (i.e., the plastisphere) are important subsets of plastic wastes. Many studies have been conducted to reveal the structures of the plastispheres, the driving factors for the formation of the plastisphere, and the ability of the plastispheres to degrade plastics in a variety of water bodies. However, the plastispheres related to wastewater are understudied. In this study, we used a microcosmic strategy to study the evolution of the plastispheres associated with microplastics (MPs) over time in wastewater. We found that plastic materials and water sources did not actively select and shape the plastispheres at an early stage, but the active selection for a unique niche of the plastisphere occurred after 14 d of growth. In addition, we confirmed that the alkB gene was densely present, and metagenomics showed some additional chemical reactions, which suggests that MPs are consumed by the microbes in the plastispheres. Additionally, metagenomics identified some metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) associated with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The identification of HDPE-associated MAGs and PET-associated MAGs further supports the notion that the selection for a unique niche of the plastisphere is driven by plastic materials and water sources (in this study, after 14 d of growth). Our discoveries bring new views on the behavior of the wastewater-associated plastisphere, especially how long it takes a wastewater plastisphere to form.     

淀粉废水处理系统中活性污泥的微生物群落结构及多样性分析

为探究淀粉废水处理活性污泥中微生物的群落结构及多样性,基于Illumina MiSeq高通量测序方法,分析了不同运行阶段的A/O处理系统中活性污泥的微生物群落与多样性组成.结果表明,A/O系统中处理淀粉生产废水的活性污泥在同一种废水下微生物群落结构总体比较稳定,优势细菌主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)等;最重要优势细菌类群为变形菌门(45. 66%～66. 30%),其中γ-亚纲细菌是其主要成员,占比36. 38%～66. 65%.优势拟杆菌门主要成员鞘脂杆菌纲在污泥沉降性能较好时其占比下降,但绿弯菌门主要成员厌氧绳菌纲在污泥沉降性能较好时其占比明显增加,变化趋势正好相反,或许它们二者之间的耦合变化与污泥沉降性能变化密切相关.活性污泥样品中存在大量特殊功能菌群,它们在活性污泥的污染物分解和氮磷去除中发挥重要作用.