土壤细菌荧光原位杂交对比染色技术的构建

荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)已经成为研究海洋、湖泊及河流沉积物微生物特征的重要手段,但对土壤的应用尚存在局限性。研究以土壤和堆肥为材料,筛选了FISH对比染色荧光剂,并对其染色条件进行了分析。研究结果表明,1/200稀释SYBR Green(ISGI)可用于FISH的对比染色。其染色时间为1 min,封片试剂为无荧光浸镜油。     

强化的零价铁PRB技术对PCBs污染地下水的修复

本实验强化了零价铁可渗透反应墙（Permeable Reactive Barrier,PRB）技术,分别用还原铁粉、还原铁粉＋锌粉、还原铁粉＋活性炭为主要的反应介质,以Arcolor1242为靶污染物,对强化的零价铁PRB技术治理多氯联苯污染的地下水的可行性和有效性进行了模拟研究。实验结果表明：在温度10℃,有效孔隙率为61%~67%,水的渗透速度为0.7~0.8 m.d-1的条件下,3个反应柱稳定期对PCBs的去除率分别达到94%、85%、79%,pH值从6.87升高到8.78、10.2、7.93;氧化还原电位从-48.6 mV降到-135、-107、-86.4 mV;出水铁离子的平均质量浓度为0.241、0.129和0.201 mg.L-1,脱氯率平均值为49.6%、72.6%、58.6%。综合考虑处理效果与成本,用零价铁PRB技术治理PCBs污染的地下水是可行的。     

Effects of in situ biological treatments on heavy metal release of urban river sediment

A typical fiver in Yangzhou City was used to study the effects of artificial aeration, eco-brick cover, biological packing cover, and low-sited plant floating beds on the release of heavy metals from urban river sediments. This work showed that 1） the Cr release rate was decreased by 50.3%-89.6%, with an average of 59.3%, thereby reducing the Cr pollution load to the overlying water by 36.6%-82.7%, with an average of 53.3%; 2） the Zn release rate was reduced by 21.0%-88.9%, with an average of 42.3%, and the Zn pollution load of the overlying water was reduced by 38.0%-67.1%, with an average of 55.0%; 3） the Cu release rate was reduced by 27.5%-91.0%, with an average of 55.3%, and the Cu load of the overlying water was reduced by 57.1%-83.7%, with an average of 71.7%; 4） the Pb release rate was reduced by 11.8%- 79.3%, with an average of 41.2%, and the Pb pollution load of the overlying water was reduced by -1.3%-70.7%, with an average of 29.8%. We also found that the effects of in situ biological treatments on the release of heavy metals were affected by the extent of sediment disturbance. For integrated applications, high-disturbance treatments should be combined with low-disturbance treatments to reduce the explosive release of pollutants caused by sediment disturbance during the treatment operation to achieve better overall treatment effects.     

Hepatic and immune biological effect assays in C57BL/6 mice to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioavailability under laboratory exposures with increasing environmental relevance

Background Monitoring biological responses that are mediated via the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in animals exposed to environmental contaminants can indicate both the presence to chemicals that act through this biochemical pathway and whether these chemicals are bioavailable. Objectives The use of an ex-situ method that incorporated biological responsiveness monitoring in mice for determining the presence of ‘biologically active’ hydrocarbons in contaminated soils was investigated. Methods The use of C57BL/6 as a test organism was validated by determining hepatic and immune responsiveness to two polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): 3,4 benz[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and 1,2 benz (a)anthracene (BA) administered via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. The responsiveness of mice exposed to soils spiked with hydrocarbons or ex situ exposures to soil removed from two contaminated sites was also investigated. Results and Discussion Mice that were exposed to B[a]P via i.p. injections showed a 14-fold increase in liver microsomal ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity compared to the control group. In contrast EROD activity following BA exposure at the same level was not significantly enhanced. Mouse immune response was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by i.p. injections of B[a]P. No significant inhibition occurred with the same doses of BA. Following i.p. exposure, the retention of B[a]P in mouse carcasses was greater than BA. Mice exposed to clean soils spiked with environmentally relevant concentrations of B[a]P and BA failed to show any significantly different hepatic or immune responses. Carcass residue data indicated a limited uptake of PAH from the soil. In contrast, EROD activity in mice exposed (ex situ) to hydrocarbon-contaminated soils removed from a fuel-loading depot and decommissioned gas works was significantly enhanced (4- and 2-fold respectively). However, this increase in EROD activity did not appear to correlate with either soil or carcass PAH concentrations. Conclusions and Outlook These results support the assumption that B[a]P has a higher affinity for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) compared to BA. Soil parameters such as organic carbon content, structure and particle size distribution can modulate the bioavailability of contaminants to biological receptors. These factors are implicated in the lack of responsiveness demonstrated in the spiked soil experiments. However the responsiveness of EROD activity in mice exposed (ex situ) to soil contaminated with complex mixtures of hydrocarbon compounds confirms the potential usefulness of this model to determine the presence of ‘biologically active’ compounds in aged soils removed from contaminated sites.     

电动力学技术强化原位生物修复研究进展

介绍了利用电动力学技术强化土壤及地下水原位生物修复的原理和最新进展。电动力学强化的基本原理是利用电渗析、电迁移和电泳等电动力学效应加速污染环境中有机污染物和微生物运动,注入营养物、电子受体或活性微生物,或者利用电极反应和电流热效应为地下生物降解创造有利条件。研究表明．电动力学技术能有效地强化原位生物修复,而且该技术不破环生态环境．安装和操作简单,成本低廉．有广泛的应用前景。     

Study on membrane fouling of submerged membrane bioreactor in treating bathing wastewater

A pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) was used to treat the bathing wastewater for more than 90 d. Several factors affecting membrane fouling were studied, including the variation in transmembrane pressure (TMP), changes in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), and distribution of membrane resistance (R). The relationships between R and EPS concentration were found to be R = 0.00008(EPSS)2.915 in the mixed liquor (EPSS) and R = 0.2853(EPSm) - 0.824 on the membrane surface (EPSm). The constant...     

自然生物膜对水体中磷浓度的影响研究

以BG11营养液为水源,弹性填料为人工基质培养自然生物膜,设计对比实验,研究生物膜对沉积物磷释放的影响及生物膜作用于该过程的主要机制。随着培养时间的延长,水体中各形态磷浓度均有不同程度的上升,并呈现明显的垂直分布特征;生物膜干重呈对数上升（R2=0．9544）,且与水体中的总磷浓度呈负指数相关（R2=0．7192）;生物膜中磷的解析实验中,溶液中正磷酸盐浓度随时间变化呈对数上升（R2=0．8769）。自然生物膜对水体中的磷有较强的吸附能力和去除效果,且主要作用机制是吸附,磷的迁移转化及最终归宿都要受到生物膜的影响。     

一控双达标的实施与控制管理

以沈阳市为例 ,探讨了一控双达标的实施程序 ,分析了影响和制约一控双达标的主要原因 ,阐述了各因子之间的相互作用关系 ,提出了实现水污染物总量控制目标、污染物达标排放和浑河按功能区实现水质保护目标的控制与管理措施。     

Prenatal aneuploidy detection in interphase cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization (Fish)

FISH is a quick, inexpensive, accurate, sensitive and relatively specific method for aneuploidy detection in samples of uncultured chorionic villus cells and amniotic fluid cells. FISH allows detection of the autosomal trisomies 13, 18 and 21 and X and Y abnormalities and any other chromosome abnormality for which a specific probe is available. The detection rate of these abnormalities is high in informative samples which have a concordance of > 99.5% with cytogenetic results. A relatively high number of abnormal cases are found in uninformative samples. However, such samples should be regarded as samples to be investigated further. Clinical experience with the use of FISH for prenatal diagnosis is now beyond 10,000 cases; a number of clinical protocols and smaller trials have also been carried out, resulting in 90% of attempted analyses giving informative results with a high detection rate and extraordinarily low false-positive and false-negative rates Unsolved problems remain, such as occasional technical failures, admixtures of maternal blood and up to 20% uninformative scoring results, especially for abnormal specimens. FISH is at present used as an adjunct to classical cytogenetic analysis. However, this should not be interpreted as meaning that FISH could not be used as a methodology in its own right. If FISH were to be considered a Diagnostic test then this might be the case, due to the risk of false-negative and false-positive results and the fact that FISH does not allow a diagnosis of certain structural abnormalities. If, on the other hand, FISH is considered a screening test, which means that in all abnormal (or indeterminate) cases, classical cytogenetic analysis would follow the abnormal screening test, the accuracy which is potentially higher than for other screening methods, for example in cases of trisomy 21, justifies FISH as a prenatal screening test in its own right.     

硒,砷联合致畸作用的体外全胚胎培养实验研究

用体外全胚胎培养模型探讨在硒和砷共存环境下，对旋转培养４８ｈ的大鼠胚胎（９．５ｄ）的生长发育和器官形态分化所产生的联合作用。结果表明，硒，砷联合毒性的主效应呈相互相拮抗的（Ｐ＝０．０００１）。除细胞干重指标外，其它反映胚胎生长发育和器官形态分化的各项指标均有明显好转，与正常对照组比较没有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０５），砷在高剂量在（３．０μｇ／ｍＬ０，硒（０．５￣２．０μｇ／ｍＬ）对砷的毒性无明显缓解