A mathematical model to estimate nitrate release from ocher pellets applied to anaerobic benthic sediment

A mathematical model was developed to estimate nitrate release from ocher pellets in benthic sediment. Ocher pellets, called “limnomedicine,” consisting of ocher and calcium nitrate were used to suppress phosphorus release from contaminated sediment under anaerobic conditions. The proposed model represents the fate and transport of nitrate released from the pellets, in both the water column and the sediment. Most of the nitrate (83.6%) released from the pellets was consumed in the degradation of organic matter and FeS in the sediment over a period of 12 days. While an increase in pellet dosage helps to accelerate the sediment treatment rate, it also has the effect of increasing the mass of nitrate that diffuses into the water column. Quantitative analysis of these effects using the proposed mathematical model makes it possible to determine the proper pellet dosage based on sediment conditions such as organic matter content.     

一控双达标的实施与控制管理

以沈阳市为例 ,探讨了一控双达标的实施程序 ,分析了影响和制约一控双达标的主要原因 ,阐述了各因子之间的相互作用关系 ,提出了实现水污染物总量控制目标、污染物达标排放和浑河按功能区实现水质保护目标的控制与管理措施。     

Evaluation of a Gaussian-modified dispersion model for atmospheric release from the Marcoule nuclear site

This paper presents a mathematical model of local pollutant dispersion designed to compute the concentration field above and around the Marcoule nuclear site. The model is based on integrating the classical turbulent diffusion equation, corrected (prior to integration) by experimental wind tunnel data obtained for a scaled-down model of the site. The computed results are compared with full-scale experimental observations at Marcoule in the case of neutral atmosphere. A comparison with the standard Gaussian model is also made. Finally, a critical analysis of the model is presented. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Degradation rates of aged petroleum hydrocarbons are likely to be mass transfer dependent in the field

Evidence for on site biodegradation may be difficult to provide at heterogeneous sites without additional experiments in controlled laboratory conditions. In this study, microbial activities measured as CO₂ and CH₄ production were compared in situ, in intact soil cores and in bottle microcosms containing sieved soils. In addition, biodegradation rates were determined by measuring the decrease in petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations at 7°C in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Elevated concentrations of CO₂ and CH₄ in the soil gas phase indicated that both the aerobic and anaerobic microbial activity potentials were high at the contaminated site. Aerobic and anaerobic microbial degradation rates in laboratory experiments of petroleum hydrocarbons were highest in soils from the most contaminated point and degradation in the aerobic and anaerobic microcosms was linear throughout the incubation, indicating mass-transfer-dependent degradation. Different results for microbial activity measurements were obtained in laboratory studies depending on pretreatment and size of the sample, even when the environmental conditions were mimicked. These differences may be related to differences in the gas exchange rates as well as in changes in the bioavailability of the contaminant in different analyses. When predicting by modeling the behavior of an aged contaminant it is relevant to adapt the models in use to correspond to conditions relevant at the contaminated sites. The variables used in the models should be based on data from the site and on experiments performed using the original aged contaminant without any additions.     

三段式硝化型生物接触氧化反应器的启动及特性

采用实际生活污水,研究了三段式串联的硝化型生物接触氧化反应器的挂膜启动及各段的硝化特性.试验结果表明:利用中间沉淀池出水作为生物接触氧化反应器的进水进行自然挂膜,在无需投加接种污泥的情况下,20d挂膜成熟,NH4+-N的去除率达到98%以上.反应器中随着沿程推流,三段的生物量和生物膜厚度逐渐降低,最大的生物量和生物膜厚度分别为1271.25mg/L和119.45μm.分析各段的硝化特性,发现三段在低温15℃条件下仍具有较高的比硝化速率,并且在同一温度下(15,23,32℃),第2、3段的比硝化速率均大于第1段.针对上述现象,根据比耗氧速率SOUR粗略估计了AOB和NOB在各段中的相对比例.3段AOB的百分比分别为(25.64+4.89)%, (34.59+5.02)%, (42.50+1.57)%,而NOB的百分比为(23.52+3.35)%, (39.65+4.26)%, (40.69+2.19)%. 此外,系统运行125d的FISH结果表明,3段的微生物菌群分布确实存在差异.与第1段相比,后2段的AOB和NOB更容易成为优势菌.     

即时合成层状双氢氧化物法去除阴离子染料刚果红

利用层状双氢氧化物(LDH)合成原理,提出了即时合成LDH处理染料废水的方法,并对其可行性进行了实验研究.该方法的基本原理是由于Mg2+,Al3+水解共沉淀形成LDH,阴离子染料优先进入LDH结构层间平衡结构电荷,从而使阴离子染料以LDH沉淀的形式被去除.探讨了反应时间,pH,n(Mg2+):n(Al3+)及温度对染料去除率的影响.结果表明,在常温下,最佳pH为9.0,反应时间为2 h,n(Mg2+):n(Al3+)为2:1,对刚果红染料的去除率可达100%,效果十分显著.      

转Bar基因稻谷全蛋白对体外培养小鼠淋巴细胞的毒性

为了评价转基因大米Bar68-1全蛋白的急性细胞毒性,分别以25、50、100和200μg·mL-1转基因大米Bar68-1全蛋白孵育昆明小鼠淋巴细胞,并各孵育2 h、6 h、24 h,然后通过体外试验用CCK-8及中性红摄取试验检测细胞毒性大小。在经过不同的孵育时间段后,阳性对照组淋巴细胞的细胞存活率与空白对照组相比,存在显著差异(p0.05)。其中,CCK-8试验、中性红试验测得细胞存活率存在着明显的损伤作用-时间效应关系。转基因大米Bar68-1全蛋白组孵育的淋巴细胞存活率与非转基因大米D68全蛋白组孵育的淋巴细胞相比无明显差异(p0.05),且与空白对照组细胞存活率差异不显著(p0.05)。结果显示,转基因大米Bar68-1全蛋白与非转基因大米D68全蛋白急性细胞毒性效应相似,对小鼠淋巴细胞无明显急性毒性。     

Effects of Simulated Sulphuric Acid Deposition On Calluna Vulgaris/Peat Microcosms and Associated Soil Solutions

Calluna vulgaris/peat microcosms have been used in an outdoor simulated acid rain experiment to test a series of hypotheses about sulphuric acid deposition effects upon the growth of Calluna on peat soil, namely: (1) Initially, enhanced acid input will enhance base cation and ammonium concentrations in soil solution. This may enhance uptake of these species, increasing foliar concentrations of base cations and nitrogen, and possibly foliar chlorophyll a and b concentrations. (2) If changes are induced in nutritional status, they may influence plant growth. (3) in the longer term, enhanced ammonium and base cation solubility occurring as a consequence of cation exchange reactions will lead, especially in winter months, to enhanced leaching losses. Hence any positive effects upon plant nutrition will not be sustainable. (4) the peat will acidify significantly over two years, in the shorter term primarily as a consequence of an enhanced mobile anion effect. (5) Acidification may reduce the rate of mineralisation of organic phosphorus and, in a phosphorus-deficient peat soil, this may lead to reduced foliar phosphate concentration and possibly induce phosphorus deficiency.

Most of these hypotheses were supported to some extent by the experimental results. the peat soil solution pH fell immediately in response to the acid treatments, and longer-term acidification continued progressively over the two years of the experiment. in the first year, the treatments significantly influenced the calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen status of the leaves from Calluna new shoots, whereas in the second year calcium, potassium and phosphorus were influenced. However, in both years foliar phosphate concentration was enhanced, rather than reduced, in response to increased acid load. Foliar carbon and nitrogen concentrations fell with increasing acidity of     

Pd-K/MgAlO催化剂上的NO_x存储、脱附和还原过程

利用程序升温脱附(TPD)、程序升温表面反应(TPSR)和原位红外光谱(in situ IR)等技术研究了Pd-K/MgAlO催化剂上的NOx存储、脱附和还原过程.结果表明,NOx在Pd-K/MgAlO上主要以硝酸根和亚硝酸根的形式存储.在Pd的催化作用下,部分亚硝酸根被氧化为强酸性的硝酸根,变得更容易存储.由NOx-TPD计算得到Pd-K/MgAlO的NOx存储容量高达890.4μmol.g-1.此外,在NOx脱附及H2还原的实验中均发现了Pd催化的亚硝酸盐歧化分解反应,该反应通过亚硝酸盐溢流至Pd位实现.亚硝酸盐的溢流产生了两个作用:促进NOx低温脱附及促进H2对存储NOx的还原.此发现为NOx存储物种的溢流机理提供了一个有力的证据.