Resilience to heat in public space: a case study of Adelaide,South Australia

During summer heatwaves, heat load exacerbates in urban heat islands (especially in hot climates) and threatens public life in cities. This paper examines the links between urban microclimates, outdoor thermal discomfort and public life through an exploratory case study. Heat resilience is highlighted as the ability of the space to support its normal activities when experiencing out-of-comfort temperatures. It also reports on the correlations between heat sensitive outdoor activities and urban greenery in three disparate case studies in Adelaide. Results indicate that necessary and optional activities start to decline after the apparent temperature reaches the threshold of 28?°C–32 °C, while activities in public spaces with more urban greenery show higher resilience to heat stress. Research findings propose heat resilience as a quality indicator in public space and support the application of urban greenery to make urban settings more resilient to heat stress.     

稳定同位素用于闽南夏季云下洗脱过程的研究

使用稳定同位素方法对闽南夏季云下洗脱过程进行研究;对闽南夏季降水中稳定同位素丰度比进行了测试．氢氧同位素丰度比分析发现,降水氢氧同位素丰度比存在较大分馏,但同一降水云系中δＤ／δ１８Ｏ值是稳定的,可以作为判别降水来源的特征量．对降水中硫同位素丰度比分析发现,当大气中气溶胶和气体硫同位素均呈负值时,降水中富集３４Ｓ,反之相反．并使用稳定同位素平衡模型估算事件型降水云下洗脱过程的作用,厦门前期降水云中、云下洗脱硫的比例分别为１９．５％和８０．５％,中期降水云中、云下洗脱硫的比例分别为３２．３％和５７．７％,后期降水云中、云下洗脱硫的比例分别为５３％和４７％,漳州云中,云下洗脱比例接近     

开封市城区夏季噪声污染评价及防治措施

对开封市城区夏季噪声进行了监测,发现开封城区区域噪声污染严重,昼间57％的区域处在“重度污染”,夜间较昼间好,交通道路噪声所有监测路段均超标,尤其在交通主干道上污染严重,昼间有40个测点超标10dB以上。在开封城区噪声现状分析的基础上,运用G1S软件Mapinfo6．0绘制出开封市城区夏季噪声评价图,结果表明：开封市城区区域噪声污染南部比北部严重,交通噪声分布有城区向城市边缘逐渐恶化的趋势,且交通噪声与区域噪声没有明显的相关性。这主要是由于城市规划不合理、城市道路过窄、路况不好以及城市交通管理落后等原因造成的。最后提出了开封噪声污染防治的一些措施。     

“6．26”呼中夏季雷击山火扑救方法及体会

分析了“6．26”呼中夏季雷击山火的特点、规律,结合扑救工作分析了灭火方法和技术,提出了个人的体会和建议。     

Quantifying the unreported and unaccounted domestic and foreign commercial catch of sharks and rays in Western Australia

Reliable catch information is scarce for most sharks and rays worldwide, with almost half of the stocks considered to be Data Deficient due to limited species-specific catch statistics. Western Australia (WA) hosts a diverse number of shark and ray species, some of which are considered to be threatened with extinction at a global level. Commercial catch statistics only account for shark and ray landings. The present study used the best available information to reconstruct unaccounted and unreported catches for 47 shark and ray taxa to better understand the impact of fishing. For some species, there was good agreement between reconstructed catches and reported landings, but overall reconstructed catches were 57% higher than those derived from official statistics alone, underestimating the actual extraction level for many species. The reconstructed catch time series provide the basis for the assessment of all species of sharks and rays captured in WA, including protected species that interact with commercial and recreational fisheries.Supplementary informationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01495-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.     

环境因子对长江口滨岸沉积物反硝化速率影响

利用多年在长江河口滨岸湿地开展相关研究工作获得的反硝化速率和各类环境参数数据,对数据进行归纳整理,采用相关性分析和主成分分析,将沉积物反硝化作用和环境因素间的相关性进行量化,并筛选出影响长江口沉积物反硝化作用的两大重要因素。研究表明沉积物反硝化速率和温度(T)、沉积物有机碳(SOC)、总氮(STN)呈现Pearson正相关关系(p70.01,p70.05,和p70.05),与水中盐度(S)、溶解氧(DO)及沉积物C/N呈明显负相关关系(p70.05,p70.05,和p70.01)。尽管沉积物中的N_2O自然产生速率和环境参数间没有表现出相关性,但沉积物的反硝化速率和N_2O的自然产生速率却和C/N呈明显负相关(p70.01)。主成分分析结果表明温度和盐度是影响长江口潮滩沉积物反硝化速率的两大主导因素,同时也是亚热带季风河口的主要环境参数。     

Comparison of Modern and Historical Fish Catches (AD 750–1400) to Inform Goals for Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries

Abstract: We tested the unsustainable fishing hypothesis that species in assemblages of fish differ in relative abundance as a function of their size, growth rates, vagility, trophic level, and diet by comparing species composition in historical bone middens, modern fisheries, and areas closed to fishing. Historical data came from one of the earliest and most enduring Swahili coastal settlements (approximately AD 750–1400). Modern data came from fisheries near the archeological site and intensively harvested fishing grounds in southern Kenya. The areas we sampled that were closed to fishing (closures) were small (<28 km²) and permanent. The midden data indicated changes in the fish assemblage that are consistent with a weak expansion of fishing intensity and the unsustainable fishing hypothesis. Fishes represented in the early midden assemblages from AD 750 to 950 had longer life spans, older age at maturity, and longer generation times than fish assemblages after AD 950, when the abundance of species with longer maximum body lengths increased. Changes in fish life histories during the historical period were, however, one‐third smaller than differences between the historical and modern assemblages. Fishes in the modern assemblage had smaller mean body sizes, higher growth and mortality rates, a higher proportion of microinvertivores, omnivores, and herbivores, and higher rates of food consumption, whereas the historical assemblage had a greater proportion of piscivores and macroinvertivores. Differences in fish life histories between modern closures and modern fishing grounds were also small, but the life histories of fishes in modern closures were more similar to those in the midden before AD 950 because they had longer life spans, older age at maturity, and a higher proportion of piscivores and macroinvertivores than the modern fisheries. Modern closures and historical fish assemblages were considerably different, although both contained species with longer life spans.     

Effects of Fisheries Closures and Gear Restrictions on Fishing Income in a Kenyan Coral Reef

Abstract: The adoption of fisheries closures and gear restrictions in the conservation of coral reefs may be limited by poor understanding of the economic profitability of competing economic uses of marine resources. Over the past 12 years, I evaluated the effects of gear regulation and fisheries closures on per person and per area incomes from fishing in coral reefs of Kenya. In two of my study areas, the use of small‐meshed beach seines was stopped after 6 years; one of these areas was next to a fishery closure. In my third study area, fishing was unregulated. Fishing yields on per capita daily wet weight basis were 20% higher after seine‐net fishing was stopped. The per person daily fishing income adjacent to the closed areas was 14 and 22% higher than the fishing income at areas with only gear restrictions before and after the seine‐net restriction, respectively. Incomes differed because larger fish were captured next to the closed area and the price per weight (kilograms) increased as fish size increased and because catches adjacent to the closure contained fish species of higher market value. Per capita incomes were 41 and 135% higher for those who fished in gear‐restricted areas and near‐closed areas, respectively, compared with those who fished areas with no restrictions. On a per unit area basis (square kilometers), differences in fishing income among the three areas were not large because fishing effort increased as the number of restrictions decreased. Changes in catch were, however, larger and often in the opposite direction expected from changes in effort alone. For example, effort declined 21% but nominal profits per square kilometer (not accounting for inflation) increased 29% near the area with gear restrictions. Gear restrictions also reduced the cost of fishing and increased the proportion of self‐employed fishers.     

First in situ UV profile across the UTLS accompanied by ozone measurement over the Tibetan Plateau

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) and ozone can greatly affect human health and the Earth's ecological environment. By deploying a UV radiometer aboard a stratospheric balloon released at Qaidam (QDM) during the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) period in 2019, we provided in situ measurement of the UV profiles from the surface to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), China, for the first time. Based on two in situ UV profiles accompanied by four ozonesonde measurements, this study exhibited detailed variations of downwelling UV and vertical ozone distributions over the TP during the ASM period. The UV differences between the surface and stratospheric balloon flight altitudes were 16.7, 15.8, 12.6 and 18.0 Wm^?2 during the four ozonesonde launches. Due to the diurnal variations in photochemical production and the stratosphere-troposphere exchange, the integrated ozone columns below 30 km ranged from 184.4 to 221.6 DU from four ozonesonde measurements. A positive correlation between UV attenuation and ozone column was exhibited under low cloud cover and clear sky conditions. The results of this study are expected to improve our understanding of UV and ozone properties, as well as their potential effects on terrestrial ecosystems and living environments over this significant plateau.     

中国东部AOD等级变化及与东亚夏季风的联系

利用2000年3月～2017年1月Terra卫星反演的最新版本C06的MODIS气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）、NCEP fnl全球业务分析数据、CMAP降水、CERES SYN1deg Ed4月平均资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,依据区域平均AOD距平的显著年际变化特征,将历年AOD划分为5个不同的污染等级,并探讨了不同污染等级的局地成因及其与季风环流的联系.结果表明,夏季中国东部地区AOD异常偏大与地面风速小、中高层季风环流系统不利于气溶胶扩散有关.气溶胶污染最重（最轻）时,气溶胶与到达地面的太阳短波辐射、地面气温、风速及降水存在密切联系;在其他污染等级下,除了与到达地面的短波辐射有密切关系外,与其他量的联系并不明显.气溶胶污染严重时,到达地面的太阳短波辐射相对减小,地面气温异常偏低,低层大气冷却,地面风速减小,地面降水呈现南多北少的变化特征;反之,气溶胶污染较轻时,到达地面的太阳短波辐射相对增加,地面气温异常偏高,低层大气加热,地面风速增大,地面降水呈现南少北多的变化特征.