空气质量监测中现场空白测定方法探讨

探讨了空气质量监测中现场空白的测定方法,通过对封口的现场空白与实验室对白比对及采样过程现场空白吸收管开口与封口对照试验,认为采样时应对现场空白吸收管作封口处理,才能体现现场空白的真实性。     

曲线拟合对空气污染物浓度的预测

通过对深圳市1991年－2000年环境空气中SO2浓度月均值，年均值变化规律的分析，得出了其数学表达式所需的函数特征，建立了曲线拟合方程，并通过实例计算及一系列统计回归检验，表明SO2浓度的月均值、年均值实际变化与拟合曲线结果基本一致。     

中国大陆和台湾地区水质悬浮物相关标准对比探讨

对比了中国大陆与台湾地区水质悬浮物的质量标准、排放标准以及检测方法标准。探讨大陆目前现行的与水质悬浮物相关标准的修订需求。提出,现有的质量标准修订时,应增加悬浮物指标,且可参考台湾的质量标准,适当放宽标准限值要求;现有的排放标准修订时,对于悬浮物指标,可参考台湾的排放标准,适当收紧标准限值要求;现有的检测方法标准修订时,可以增加称量恒重载体的种类,使用自身质量更轻的铝盘等载体,使检测结果更为稳定,分析过程更易掌握;增加质控样品的配制方法,提出质控要求,提高悬浮物测定项目的准确度与精密度水平。     

空气质量自动监测二氧化硫不确定度分析

不确定度是反映某一测量方法,在一定置信概率条件下测量所产生的不确定量。根据测量原理建立数学模型,分析各种不确定度分量的来源,评定标准不确定度,确定合成不确定度和扩展不确定度,通过不确定影响分量的分析,找出影响测量结果的最大不确定度分量,重点控制其分量,保证测量的准确性和精度,同时也可通过重新评估显著性不确定分量,找出方法存在的不足和问题,提出逐步控制不确定分量的步骤和方法,改善测量方法和手段提高测量准确性和精度,不断减少测量的不确定量。     

空气自动化监测系统质量控制图的改进

阐述了使用空气自动化监测系统质量控制图时存在的问题,给出了质控图绘制的改进方法.实例证明,改进的质控图可以根据仪器漂移情况确定仪器的校准周期;确定调节限时,根据仪器间的差异,降低仪器的调节限,可使测定结果准确可靠.     

Modeling particle loss in ventilation ducts

Empirical equations were developed and applied to predict losses of 0.01–100 μm airborne particles making a single pass through 120 different ventilation duct runs typical of those found in mid-sized office buildings. For all duct runs, losses were negligible for submicron particles and nearly complete for particles larger than 50 μm. The 50th percentile cut-point diameters were 15 μm in supply runs and 25 μm in return runs. Losses in supply duct runs were higher than in return duct runs, mostly because internal insulation was present in portions of supply duct runs, but absent from return duct runs. Single-pass equations for particle loss in duct runs were combined with models for predicting ventilation system filtration efficiency and particle deposition to indoor surfaces to evaluate the fates of particles of indoor and outdoor origin in an archetypal mechanically ventilated building. Results suggest that duct losses are a minor influence for determining indoor concentrations for most particle sizes. Losses in ducts were of a comparable magnitude to indoor surface losses for most particle sizes. For outdoor air drawn into an unfiltered ventilation system, most particles smaller than 1 μm are exhausted from the building. Large particles deposit within the building, mostly in supply ducts or on indoor surfaces. When filters are present, most particles are either filtered or exhausted. The fates of particles generated indoors follow similar trends as outdoor particles drawn into the building.     

Framework for the environmental impact assessment of operational shipping

Shipping is an important source of pollution affecting both atmospheric and aquatic environments. To allow for efficient mitigation of environmental degradation, it is essential to know the extent of the impacts of shipping in relation to other sources of pollution. Here, we give a perspective on a holistic approach to studies of the environmental impacts of operational shipping through presentation of an assessment framework developed and applied on a case of shipping in the Baltic Sea. Through transfer of knowledge and concepts, previously used in assessments of air pollution, now applied to assessments of marine pollution and underwater noise, the horizon of understanding of shipping-related impacts is significantly improved. It identifies the main areas of environmental degradation caused by shipping and potential improvements through legislation and technological development. However, as the vast majority of contaminants discharged into the sea are not routinely monitored and assessed, the links between pressure of contaminants from shipping and environmental state and impacts will not be caught in the current environmental regulatory frameworks.     

A system design framework for the integration of public preferences into the design of large infrastructure projects

Large infrastructure projects such as new roads, railways and nuclear plants have often suffered from public opposition, causing significant delays and costs. In many cases poor engagement between the supporters of construction and the public have contributed to this. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel design framework with the aim of improving public engagement at an early design stage. Following a modified quality function deployment (QFD) process, it enables incorporation of public preferences into the design process, thus helping to improve the social acceptability of large infrastructure projects and reduce costs related to opposition and delays. The application of the framework is illustrated by a case study related to design of nuclear power plants.     

上海市南汇大治河水质CODcr的监测评价

南汇大治河化学需氧量(CODcr)含量的调查结果表明,大治河的CODcr含量逐年上升,水质从Ⅲ级水体下降到Ⅳ级水体,个别断面有恶化到Ⅴ级水源的趋势,通过分析认为CODcr含量的上升与工业废水大量不达标排放以及生活污水的乱排放有关。     

ITS数据质量控制技术及应用研究

通过总结智能交通系统 (ITS)数据质量控制中所涉及的数据属性 ,提出了ITS数据质量控制算法 :根据阈值理论和交通流理论 ,针对错误数据、丢失数据和不精确数据设计相应的判别规则 ,利用数值计算方法对其进行修正 ,并提出了针对数据中的不规则时间点的修正算法。在对北京市和美国圣安东尼奥市的两组不同时间序列的ITS数据进行实践应用后 ,比较质量控制前后的数据特征 ,证明所提出的算法能够有效地解决数据质量问题 ,提高数据的精确度。最后 ,对国内外ITS数据进行质量控制后的结论和经验作了总结。