强化企业环境监测工作的途径和方法探讨

企业环境监测工作有其自身特点，本文从监测对象、监测项目、监测职能、监测手段、监测信息处理等方面论述了强化企业环境监测的途径和方法。     

隧道排污量估算与治污效果预测

通过隧道排污量和排污效果的简单分析，指出了其排污治理过程中应注意的有关事项，如进 行人口控制，改善居民的生活方式，提高环境保护意识和治理技术等，所述分析方法可供其它类似 工程参考。     

Radon exhalation from building materials for decorative use

Long-term exposure to radon increases the risk of developing lung cancer. There is considerable public concern about radon exhalation from building materials and the contribution to indoor radon levels. To address this concern, radon exhalation rates were determined for 53 different samples of drywall, tile and granite available on the Canadian market for interior home decoration. The radon exhalation rates ranged from non-detectable to 312 Bq m⁻² d⁻¹. Slate tiles and granite slabs had relatively higher radon exhalation rates than other decorative materials, such as ceramic or porcelain tiles. The average radon exhalation rates were 30 Bq m⁻² d⁻¹ for slate tiles and 42 Bq m⁻² d⁻¹ for granite slabs of various types and origins. Analysis showed that even if an entire floor was covered with a material having a radon exhalation rate of 300 Bq m⁻² d⁻¹, it would contribute only 18 Bq m⁻³ to a tightly sealed house with an air exchange rate of 0.3 per hour. Generally speaking, building materials used in home decoration make no significant contribution to indoor radon for a house with adequate air exchange.     

室内空气环境质量的探讨

介绍了室内空气环境质量的国内外有关研究成果。内容包括IAQ问题引发关注的缘由,IAQ的影响因素、评价方法及改善IAQ的相关措施。     

生物表面活性剂产生菌处理水体石油污染物的研究

为研究水体石油污染物的生物处理方法,通过富集培养、蓝色凝胶平板分离初筛、摇瓶复筛等方法从长期被石油污染的油泥中筛选生物表面活性剂产生菌.采用薄层层析显色法和红外光谱法鉴定该菌所产表面活性剂种类,测定表面活性剂的乳化性能、表面张力和临界胶束浓度等性能,并对菌株降解水体石油污染物的影响因素及效果进行了研究.结果表明,筛选出的生物表面活性剂高产菌株LJ2所产表面活性剂为糖脂,其乳化指数为33％,25℃下可将水的表面张力从71.14 mN/m降至27.22 mN/m,临界胶束质量浓度为5 mg/L;当表面活性剂水溶液质量浓度为100 mg/L时,其乳化指数可达50％.温度、降解时间以及NaCl质量分数对菌株LJ2处理水体石油污染效果影响很大.在34℃条件下处理5d,菌株LJ2对质量浓度为2 g/L的水体石油污染物的降解率高达99.5％.研究表明,生物表面活性剂产生菌L J2对水体石油污染物有良好的降解效果,而且该菌还对水体中较高浓度的NaCl有一定的耐受性.     

氧化石墨烯对亚甲基蓝和铜离子的共吸附行为研究

氧化石墨烯(GO)具有高比表面积和丰富的含氧官能团,表面存在着大量的吸附点位,被认为是去除水体污染物的高效吸附剂,而其在有机物-重金属复合污染环境中的吸附行为却鲜有报道.因此,本文采用改良Hummers法制备出GO,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱(Raman)和X射线衍射(XRD)等物理表征方法对GO的形貌结构和表面官能团进行了表征.随后,侧重研究了GO对有机物及重金属污染物的单独和共吸附行为,选取亚甲基蓝(MB)与Cu(Ⅱ)作为复合污染水体的特征污染物,探讨了不同浓度Cu(Ⅱ)对MB及不同浓度MB对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附性能的影响.结果表明,不同类型的污染物单独存在时,GO对MB和Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附量分别为29.13和424.16mg·g-1;而当上述两种污染物共存时,GO对MB和Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附性能均明显下降,这说明MB与Cu(Ⅱ)在GO表面的吸附点位存在着竞争吸附关系,并且MB对Cu(Ⅱ)吸附的抑制作用明显高于Cu(Ⅱ)对MB吸附的影响.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs (phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration (sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was 4748.24 ng/m³, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m³. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the Σ6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges (<2.5, 2.5-5, 5-10, >10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM_2.5 were the most abundant, with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM_2.5 correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs (R² = 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM_2.5 can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs(phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration(sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was4748.24 ng/m3, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m3. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges( 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, 10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM2.5were the most abundant,with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM2.5correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs(R2= 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM2.5can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air in hospitals

The concentrations of phthalate esters(PAEs) in Chinese hospitals were investigated by simultaneously determining concentrations of gas- and particle-phase PAEs. PAEs were detected in two third-class first-grade hospitals, two second-class first-grade hospitals, and a community health service center. Hospital drugstores had the highest concentration(24.19 μg/m3), which was 1.54 times that of newly decorated houses. The second highest concentration was found in the transfusion rooms, averaging 21.89 μg/m3; this was followed by the concentrations of PAEs in the nurse's workstations, the wards, and the doctor's offices, with mean concentrations of 20.66, 20.0, and 16.92 μg/m3, respectively. The lowest concentrations were found in the hallways(16.30 μg/m3). Of the six different kinds of PAEs found, major pollutants included diethyl phthalates, dibutyl phthalates, butylbenzyl phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates, comprising more than 80% of all PAEs present.Meanwhile, a comparison between different wards showed that PAE concentrations in the maternity wards were 1.63 times higher than in the main wards. Based on known health hazards, our results suggest that the PAEs seriously influence the health of the pregnant women and babies; therefore, it is of great importance to take the phthalate concentrations in hospitals into consideration. In addition, hospital indoor air was more seriously contaminated than the air of newly decorated houses.     

中国污染物总量减排数据核算体系研究

"十一五"期间,中国对COD和SO2两种污染物开展总量减排工作,预期指标超额完成。"十一五"期间构建起来的总量减排数据核算体系为中央政府提供了相对准确的减排数据,是减排取得成功的基础。本文通过研究减排数据核算体系来对总量减排的成功进行制度性解释。本文采用文本分析和实地调研的方法,描述了中国减排数据核算体系的组织机构及其基本职责,整理出了自下而上的数据生成、流动机制和自上而下的数据核查、反馈机制,归纳出总量减排数据核算体系相较于传统环境统计的基本特征:一是设立了区域督查中心和各级总量控制部门等专门的组织机构;二是数据的双向流动机制,中央拥有对减排数据的审核权和最终确定权,并且会将正式确定后的数据逐级反馈给地方政府并应用于上级政府对下级政府的行政考核当中去;三是在数据核算中采用环境监测数据,并因此进行了全国范围的环境监测能力建设;四是减排工作全过程数据核算。这些新特征使得中国减排数据核算体系得以提升减排数据质量,对地方政府可能的违规行为进行约束;将减排绩效与地方政府考核相结合,通过政治激励促进地方政府开展减排工作;加强地方政府环境监管能力,保障减排工作的开展和完成。但现有数据核算体系仍然存在监测数据利用不到位而导致行政成本较高、减排量核算细则"一刀切"导致政策公平性缺失等亟需改进完善的问题。