Setting up the criteria and credit-awarding scheme for building interior material selection to achieve better indoor air quality

Methods, standards, and regulations that are aimed to reduce indoor air pollution from building materials are critically reviewed. These are classified as content control and emission control. Methods and standards can be found in both of these two classes. In the regulation domain, only content control is enforced in some countries and some regions, and asbestos is the only building material that is banned for building use. The controlled pollutants include heavy metals, radon, formaldehyde, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Emission rate control based upon environment chamber testing is very much in the nature of voluntary product labeling and ranking, and this mainly targets formaldehyde and VOC emissions. It is suggested that radon emission from building materials should be subject to similar emission rate control. A comprehensive set criteria and credit-awarding scheme that encourages the use of low-emission building material is synthesized, and how this scheme can be practiced in building design is proposed and discussed.     

室内环境污染及防治对策

室内环境污染已成为现实生活中越来越显著的问题,严重影响着人们的身体健康,应该尽早建立监测和监督管理制度。本文对此进行了研究和探讨,并提出相应对策,指出了室内环境污染的防治要从源头有效控制和普及居住健康知识以及加强监督管理三个方面入手,住宅装修要坚持绿色方向,推广使用室内空气净化设施,选择好装饰材料,注意家电污染,增加室内换气频率,政府部门要加强对行业的监督管理,加强科研工作,制定绿色产品标准。     

Accumulation of pollutant nitrogen in calcareous and acidic grasslands: Evidence from N flux and 15N tracer studies

Semi-natural calcareous and acidic grasslands are known to be sensitive to increased atmospheric N deposition. However, the fate of pollutant N within these systems is unknown. This paper reports on the first studies to determine the fate of added N within a calcareous and an acidic grassland subject to long-term simulated enhanced N deposition. Intact soil/turf cores were removed from field plots treated for six years with enhanced N deposition (ambient +0, +35 and +140 kg N ha^–1 year^–1). Cores were inserted into lysimeters and output fluxes of N were monitored in detail. Complete N budgets—calculated from the N flux data—showed considerable accumulation of N within the treated grasslands, up to 76% and 38% of pollutant N in the calcareous and acidic grasslands respectively. In the second study, the short-term (21 day) fate of pollutant N was determined by tracing ¹⁵N labelled ammonium nitrate (+35 kg N ha^–1 year^–1) though the acidic and calcareous lysimeters into plant, soil and leachate pools. Up to 91% and 59% of ¹⁵N was recovered in soils and vegetation of the calcareous and acidic grasslands respectively, with negligible amounts recovered in soil extractable ammonium and nitrate (<0.3%) and in leachate (<0.02%). This rapid short-term immobilisation of pollutant N supports the long-term accumulation of the element calculated from the N flux study.     

试论排污许可证制度在企业环境管理中的作用

以南京化学工业（集团）公司为例，介绍在企业中实行排污许可证制度，可有效地控制污染物排放，并改变以往污染物排放的末端管理为生产全过程控制，强化了环保法制观念，协调了管理工作与监测工作之间的关系，使环保管理工作由被动变成主动。     

沿海油田污染物入海通量及优化管理

胜利油田所在的黄河三角洲诸条河流按入海类型分为三种形式：设有防潮闸的感潮河；设有排涝站的入海河；直流入海的感潮河。按照各河流入海段面、流速、流量和水体污染物浓度，建立起各种感潮河污染物入海通量模式，计算结果说明沿海油田排放的石油类污染物入海通量为1456t／a，COD入海量为5720t／a。根据各条入海河流不同功能和污染物入海量，按照国家地表水质标准，制定出入海河流环境组合目标，用总量控制方法提出污染源削减要求，以保证黄河三角洲沿海滩涂环境质量。并以污染物入海通量、河流径流量、污染物自净系数和污染物削减量等因子建立各条河流优化管理模型，为保护环境提供对策。     

不同汽车发动机冷却系统的节能减排效益及安全性分析

由于传统发动机冷却系统的被动性,常使发动机能耗及污染物排放量较大,为此介绍了多种先进冷却系统的结构和特点,如精确冷却系统、分流式冷却系统、优质冷媒的使用等,并分析了它们的节能减排效益,以为汽车行业加快实现节能减排提供参考。     

湍流模型对预测街道峡谷污染物扩散的影响

文章选取标准k-ε湍流模型、RNGk-ε湍流模型、realizablek-ε湍流模型和单方程Spalart-Allmaras涡黏系数模型对街道峡谷附近的流动和汽车尾气污染物扩散进行了模拟,并与风洞试验值进行了比较,结果表明,4种模型对街谷壁面的浓度预测在趋势上与试验值基本一致,Spalart-Allmaras模型的预测效果最好,realizablek-ε模型预测最差,而标准k-ε模型和RNGk-ε模型的预测介于其间;RNGk-ε模型和realizablek-ε模型的修正作用在预测建筑物尖角和顶部附近的流动处有所体现,但对街谷内浓度分布的预测仍不如标准k-ε模型;本文从流场分布的特点对4种模型的浓度预测差别进行了解释,证明了壁面浓度与其附近的速度和湍流黏性系数的分布相对应。     

南京市室内空气环境质量调查分析

对南京市300余户新装修住宅检测结果显示:甲醛为室内空气主要污染物,不同季节新装住宅室内空气污染程度为春季>夏季>冬季>秋季,地面不同铺饰物对室内环境空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯浓度有明显影响,污染程度从重到轻依次为卷材地板、实木地板、复合地板、地砖、地毯。     

红树林湿地环境污染地球化学的研究评述

概要地回顾了近年来国内外红树林湿地环境污染方面的研究成果,介绍了红树林湿地沉积物中各种污染研究的主要内容、研究方法以及以后的研究方向.通过综合当前国内外本领域的研究进展资料,认为对红树林湿地环境污染地球化学的研究应加强复合污染的研究,并重视人类活动对红树林湿地污染历史中所扮演的角色.在污染物研究方面更应重视各种污染物尤其是重金属的生物有效性、迁移转化机理等的研究.在研究手段上,应注重运用同位素示踪和定年技术来研究污染物的来源和污染历史,应用高分辨率沉积物岩芯研究环境的变迁.研究还认为,应加强多学科的综合研究,以便为探讨红树林湿地的可持续发展以及污染红树林的生态修复提供依据.     

城市浅水湖泊雨水溢流总磷输运的数值模拟

从三维对流-扩散-反应方程出发,根据雨水箱涵溢流入湖总磷形态特性,推导雨水溢流进入城市浅水湖泊后二维总磷的输运方程,并与浅水流动方程结合,建立城市浅水湖泊平面二维水流-水质总磷的数学模型.模型通过深圳荔枝湖实测资料验证,计算结果较好.用此模型计算设计降雨强度28 mm/h历时1 h情况下,雨水径流通过箱涵溢流进入荔枝湖和湖水混合后总磷输运情况,分析了入湖雨水总磷归趋.结果表明,溢流入湖TP通量为15.385 kg,其中62.3%掺混在水体中,28.1%沉积到表层底泥;污染后的湖水通过水污染治理工程连续运行3.0 d可将荔枝湖TP恢复到雨前初始浓度水平.