印染废水处理过程中有机污染物及急性毒性变化规律研究

我国印染废水排放量大,对于印染废水中典型毒害物质的控制日趋严格,且生物毒性控制越来越受到重视.因此,本文以掌握典型印染废水处理中污染物去除特性和毒性转化机制为目标,解析印染废水水质特征及其在典型处理工艺中的变化.结果发现,典型印染废水处理工艺对典型污染物的去除效率较好,出水COD、苯胺浓度、色度分别为46 mg·L~(-1)、0.86 mg·L~(-1)、6倍,去除效率分别为78%、95%、86%;但对急性毒性的控制不足,尤其是有机组分的急性毒性控制不足.典型印染废水处理中,生物曝气处理是控制典型污染物的主要阶段,对COD、色度、苯胺的去除效率分别达60%、23%、50%,对生物毒性的去除率为48%.氯氧化和混凝沉淀是保障印染废水中苯胺类有毒物质和色度达到排放标准的重要深度处理阶段,对色度、苯胺的去除效率分别为86%、95%;然而,深度处理却会引发印染废水急性毒性急剧升高,升高比例达150%.印染废水中的急性毒性组分包括有机组分和无机组分,生物曝气主要去除有机组分毒性;氯化深度处理会增加有机组分毒性和无机组分毒性,其中,无机组分毒性可通过还原脱氯削减,但有机组分毒性控制需综合考虑前处理阶段提质增效或实施氯氧化替代工艺.     

滨海新区大港农业非点源污染状况研究简

立足天津市滨海新区大港农业背景情况,采用适宜的方法,分别从种植业、畜禽养殖和水产养殖业三方面分析非点源污染物排放量。结果表明：2010年大港地区农业非点源主要污染物COD排放量为377.67 t,氨氮排放量为72.33 t,畜禽养殖排放的污染已占农业非点源污染的一半以上。在此基础上,分别从优化畜禽养殖的养殖模式、种植业科学施用化学品、水产养殖合理投放饲料等方面提出了大港地区农业非点源污染控制的对策。     

朝阳市机动车尾气污染防治对策研究

朝阳市环境空气质量指数在早晚出行高峰期间达到峰值,表明机动车尾气的污染物排放对空气质量的影响非常显著。通过分析机动车保有量、各车型所占比例、运行等具体情况,提出机动车尾气污染防治对策,即按时段、道路、车型分别进行监管,从而达到降低机动车尾气污染物排放的目的,最终实现环境空气质量的明显改善。     

双碳约束下煤化工行业节煤降碳减污协同

在碳达峰碳中和背景下,煤化工行业应采取更为积极的二氧化碳减排措施.基于煤化工行业原料结构调整、燃料结构调整、节能技术改造、末端捕集技术和产业结构调整五大节煤降碳措施力度不同,采用下游部门需求法和项目法以及大气污染物减排模型,核算预测3种情景(基准、政策和强化)煤化工行业煤炭消耗和二氧化碳排放变化,以及大气污染物协同减排效应.结果表明,煤化工行业基准和政策情景下煤炭消费量预计在“十四五”后期达峰,峰值分别为9.6亿t和9.3亿t;强化情景下有望在“十四五”前期达峰,峰值约为9.1亿t.二氧化碳排放量在基准、政策和强化情景下分别于“十五五”末期、“十四五”末期和“十四五”前期达峰,达峰量分别为6.4亿、 5.7亿和5.5亿t.控制现代煤化工项目建设规模、挖掘原料替代的空间以及节能技术改造是减少煤化工行业煤耗和二氧化碳排放的重要措施手段.实施煤化工行业节煤降碳措施,政策情景下预计到2035年每年可协同减少SO₂、 NO_x、 PM和VOCs等大气污染物排放3.7万、 4.3万、 1.1万和2.8万t.     

芳烃石油树脂生产的环境保护

乙烯装置的副产品在综合利用中存在着严重的环境污染问题。中原油田采取了一些措施。用催化剂对生产尾气进行吸收,将有毒的氟化物转化为钙盐用于磷肥生产;将石油树脂聚合液中BF3脱除,防止对大气、水进行污染;用冷却回收工艺对减压蒸馏放空的芳烃气体进行处理。通过上述治理大大改善了企业的环境,有效地防止了环境污染。     

我国排污收费制度及其价格体系的改革

目前,我国现行的单因子超标排污收费制度及其价格体系已不能适应现有的体制变化和日益发展的环境管理需要。本文阐述了尽快建立一个与当今市场机制相适应的、适合我国总量控制要求的多因子收费制度的重要性、迫切性与可行性,实现污染者直接承担其污染行为的全部责任;提出了制定动态、有效的收费价格体系的改革原则、构想与方法。     

文山盘龙河主要污染物变化分析

分析了文山盘龙河主要污染物、不同断位主要污染物变化、不同断面主要污染物的季节变化及年变化.     

Quantitative determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor dust using gas chromatography-UV spectrometry

A novel technique, gas chromatography-UV spectrometry (GC-UV), was used to quantify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in settled dust from 389 residences in Sweden. The dust samples were thermally desorbed in an inert atmosphere and evaporated compounds were concentrated by solid phase micro extraction and separated by capillary GC. Eluting compounds were then detected, identified, and quantified using a diode array UV spectrophotometer. Altogether, 28 compounds were quantified in each sample; 24 of these were found in more than 50% of the samples. The compounds found in highest concentrations were saturated aldehydes (C5-C10), furfuryl alcohol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), 2-furaldehyde, and benzaldehyde. Alkenals were also found, notably 2-butenal (crotonaldehyde), 2-methyl-propenal (methacrolein), hexenal, heptenal, octenal, and nonenal. The concentrations of each of the 28 compounds ranged between two to three orders of magnitude, or even more. These results demonstrate the presence of a number of VOCs in indoor dust, and provide, for the first time, a quantitative determination of these compounds in a larger number of dust samples from residents. The findings also illustrate the potential use of GC-UV for analysing volatile compounds in indoor dust, some of which are potential irritants (to the skin, eyes or respiratory system) if present at higher concentrations. The potential use of GC-UV for improving survey and control of the human exposure to particle-bound irritants and other chemicals is inferred.     

New Criteria for Sustainable Water Quality Management1

Abstract: New criteria, pollutant load of unit area (PLUA), are developed for sustainable water quality management, which not only avoids degrading water quality but also considers the equity of development between different generations. A simulation‐optimization model is established to determine PLUA, in which uses the QUAL2E model to simulate pollutant transport and formulates a linear programming model to optimize the objective of maximal loads (carrying capacity). Two watersheds, the Touchen creek and the Keya creek, both in Taiwan, are taken as case studies. The PLUA criterion is applied to several existing projects which have passed environmental impact assessment (EIA). The results show that if the Hsinchu Science‐Based Industrial Park discharges wastewater to the Touchen creek, the total pollutant discharge of 85.6 kg/day exceeds the allocated load. Consequently, a waste reduction of at least 23.4% is required. Although these existing projects have passed EIA, most of them violate the criterion of PLUA and thus contribute to continued degradation of water quality. This study suggests developing PLUA as a part of the process of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for watershed management plans and then applying it to EIA as a criterion for new project assessment. Furthermore, if carrying capacities of all pollutant discharges and resource uses can be translated into loads per unit of area, an integrated sustainable watershed management plan can be developed.     

超声空化降解水中有机污染物的研究进展(续)

(接 2 0 0 2年第 5期 )3　影响超声降解的因素3.1　超声场超声场主要是指超声频率和声能强度。3.1.1　超声频率超声频率效应的研究是超声降解有机物的一个重要内容。这方面的文献较多 ,但对频率效应的认识不太一致。Ｐｅｔｒｉｅｒ和Ｆｒａｎｃｏｎｙ[2 0 ] 认为 ,随着超声频率的增大 ,超声空化阈值明显增大 ,空化过程变得难以进行 ;当超声声强超过空化阈值时 ,不同频率的超声均能产生相同的效果。Ｗｉｔｅｋｏｗａ等[4 5] 发现 ,超声频率对在水溶液中发生的氧化还原反应效果影响甚微。Ｃｕｍ等[4 6 ] 考察 2 0～ 10 0ｋＨｚ范围内的超声频…