环境技术验证评价体系研究与案例应用

目前,以政府为主导的环境技术评价体系已不能满足新形势下对创新环境技术评价的不同需求,为了适应我国环境技术水平的迅速发展和环境保护的要求,迫切需要建立起一个有效的环境技术评价体系.在对加拿大、美国等推行的环境技术验证(ETV)制度比较研究的基础上,提出了国际等效且符合我国国情的环境技术验证评价程序和测试参数体系,基本流程分为验证申请、验证准备、验证测试、验证评价、验证结果发布5个阶段,研究了测试参数、测试周期、采样频率的设计原则及方法.并以水蚯蚓原位消解污泥技术为例开展应用研究,对该技术的环境保护效果、环境影响以及从其他环境观点出发的重要性能进行了测试和分析.结果显示,通过对环境效果参数、维护管理参数和运行工艺参数的评价,能够客观有效地反映处理技术的真实性能.     

果蔬类垃圾主发酵堆肥产物储放和利用的恶臭释放特征

鉴于目前尚缺乏主发酵堆肥产物储放和土地利用的恶臭风险评估数据,本文基于21 d恶臭释放潜力实验,描述了果蔬类垃圾主发酵堆肥产物在此过程中的恶臭释放源强特征,并据此评估其在储放和利用时的恶臭释放特征.结果表明,主发酵堆肥产物在实验过程中持续释放氨气、硫化物、苯系物和萜类物质,并以氨气为主;醇类物质、醛类物质的释放随时间逐渐减少,而酮类物质在整个过程中持续释放但释放量很少.通过模拟封闭环境和自然场地两个场景,本文从恶臭风险角度计算出在封闭环境中每平方米内可接受的主发酵产物的暂存或直接利用量,以及主发酵产物能够在自然场地中直接利用的使用量和最小防护距离要求.     

Characteristics of N2O emission from Medicago sativa stands and its response to nitrogen fertilizers in the Longdong dryland Plateau北大核心CSCD

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the potent greenhouse gases (GHG) that depletes the stratospheric ozone. Nitrogen fertilizers are considered to be a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from arable soils. To investigate the characteristics of N2O emission, its influencing factors, and its response to nitrogen application in dry grassland in the Loess Plateau, one of the most intensively used agricultural regions in China, we conducted a field trial with two treatments including N0 (0 kg hm-2) and N150 (150 kg hm-2) at the Qingyang Loess Plateau grassland agricultural research station of Lanzhou University. An LGR-N2O/CO gas analyzer was used to monitor the emissions. The results showed that the N2O fluxes of the N0 and N150 treatments during the monitoring period were -0.0036 and 0.0118 mg m-2 h-1, respectively; the flux in case of the N150 treatment was significantly higher than that for the N0 treatment. The N2O emission flux has a distinct diurnal variation characteristic, which first showed the trend of decreasing and then increasing. Regression analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between the N2O flux and the surface soil water content at a depth of 10 cm. The N2O emission flux increased by 131.3%, compared with that during the non-precipitation days. At the same time, the N2O emission flux showed a trend of decreasing with the increase of the surface soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm. The daily emission characteristics indicated that there may be a significant underestimation of the N2O flux at the daily or longer time-scale, based on the N2O flux value measured at 9:00-11:00. In summary, the N2O emissions from the sown alfalfa grassland of the eastern Gansu are strongly affected by precipitation and nitrogen application and have obvious daily dynamic characteristics. It is recommended that the accuracy and representativeness of N2O emission flux data be enhanced by continuous dynamic measurement using the instrument. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Urban ecological risk assessment management platform

Due to rapid socioeconomic development in recent years, the influence of human activities on the urban ecosystem and environment is becoming more pronounced, causing increases in accumulated pollutants, resource consumption, and built-up land area. At this time, cities are facing complex ecological threats. We designed a platform to classify and assess the various types of ecological risks that cities and urban agglomerations may encounter. We used PHP to develop a web-based application, with nginx as the platform server, and MySQL to manage the background database. The platform provides users with a clearly structured, visual platform to manage ecological risk. By using this platform, users can quickly identify regional risk sources, find and describe risk factors, and predict possible consequences caused by these risks based on simulation modeling. The forecasting model and database can be synchronously updated and adjusted according to the actual situation. The visual web management platform and user security login system employ the MD5 encryption algorithm. The platform is designed to provide convenient, accurate, and scientific decision-making services for urban planning, construction, environmental protection, and other related areas.     

京津冀及周边地区大气污染综合立体观测网支撑作用

京津冀及周边大气污染综合立体观测网制定了38项观测标准技术规范,开展了高效的综合立体观测,解决了原有站点不足、观测零散、标准不一、要素不全、数据可比性差等问题;注重业务和科研相结合,提升了京津冀及周边地区（“2+26”城市）重污染过程中大气污染化学成分的快速监控能力,对区域空气质量宏观和中、微观演变特征进行动态监测与追踪.区域大气环境综合监测数据库和共享应用平台解决了多源大气环境数据缺乏归一质控、管理、分析和图形影像显示技术,缺乏统一、安全、稳定的数据采集、传输、核验、存储和共享业务化平台的问题,为生态环境部、地方政府和科研机构及研究人员提供全方位数据共享.      

"一个中心 两个基本点"的项目部HSE管理模式

介绍了一种项目部HSE管理模式——“一个中心,两个基本点”管理模式,论述了建立该模式的方法,对该模式的拓延性进行了探讨。     

亚甲基蓝光敏氧化处理造纸废水研究

以造纸废水为例,工业上对高浓度有机废水多采用H2O2及相关组合强化氧化法处理,成本高;尝试利用亚甲基蓝光敏氧化法处理高浓度造纸黄液,探讨其相关条件及处理潜力。实验发现,光解过程复合(太阳)光比利用紫外光效果好;在光敏剂的加入量仅为9．0mg/L,溶解氧含量高于2．0．mg／L,光照水力停留4h时,造纸废水的CODcr的去除率可达到26．8％,达到了H2O2质量浓度为1250．mg／L的Fenton试剂的处理效果。     

数字化灭火救援预案编制及应用技术研究(Ⅱ)--应用软件系统构成

在已建立的数字化灭火救援预案制定模式与编制方法的基础上,采用面向对象技术,确立预案应用软件的系统构成,深入分析预案应用软件系统构成的具体内容,并简要介绍了金茂大厦灭火救援预案应用软件的主体结构和基本功能.     

Comparing urban solid waste recycling from the viewpoint of urban metabolism based on physical input-output model: A case of Suzhou in China

Investigating impacts of urban solid waste recycling on urban metabolism contributes to sustainable urban solid waste management and urban sustainability. Using a physical input-output model and scenario analysis, urban metabolism of Suzhou in 2015 is predicted and impacts of four categories of solid waste recycling on urban metabolism are illustrated: scrap tire recycling, food waste recycling, fly ash recycling and sludge recycling. Sludge recycling has positive effects on reducing all material flows. Thus, sludge recycling for biogas is regarded as an accepted method. Moreover, technical levels of scrap tire recycling and food waste recycling should be improved to produce positive effects on reducing more material flows. Fly ash recycling for cement production has negative effects on reducing all material flows except solid wastes. Thus, other fly ash utilization methods should be exploited. In addition, the utilization and treatment of secondary wastes from food waste recycling and sludge recycling should be concerned.